Chapter 13

Question 1

Therapy

Answer 1

treatment methods aimed at making people feel better and function more effectively.

Question 2

Eclectic

Answer 2

approach to therapy that results from combining elements of several different approaches or techniques.

Question 3

Psychotherapy

Answer 3

therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem talks with a psychological professional.

Question 4

Insight therapies

Answer 4

therapies in which the main goal is helping people to gain insight with respect to their behavior, thoughts, and feelings.

Question 5

Action therapy

Answer 5

therapy in which the main goal is to change disordered or inappropriate behavior directly.

Question 6

Biomedical therapies

Answer 6

therapies that directly affect the biological functioning of the body and brain.

Question 7

Psychoanalysis

Answer 7

Freud’s term for both the theory of personality and the therapy based on it; an insight therapy based on the theory of Freud, emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts.

Question 8

Latent content

Answer 8

the symbolic or hidden meaning of dreams.

Question 9

Free association

Answer 9

psychoanalytic technique in which a patient was encouraged to talk about anything that came to mind without fear of negative evaluations.

Question 10

Resistance

Answer 10

occurring when a patient becomes reluctant to talk about a certain topic, by either changing the subject or becoming silent.

Question 11

Transference

Answer 11

in psychoanalysis, the tendency for a patient or client to project positive or negative feelings for important people from the past onto the therapist.

Question 12

Directive

Answer 12

therapy in which the therapist actively gives interpretations of a client’s statements and may suggest certain behavior or actions.

Question 13

Psychodynamic therapy

Answer 13

a newer and more general term for therapies based on psychoanalysis, with an emphasis on transference, shorter treatment times, and a more direct therapeutic approach.

Question 14

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)

Answer 14

form of therapy for depression which incorporates multiple approaches and focuses on interpersonal problems.

Question 15

Nondirective

Answer 15

therapy style in which the therapist remains relatively neutral and does not interpret or take direct actions with regard to the client, instead remaining a calm, nonjudgmental listener while the client talks.

Question 16

Person-centered therapy

Answer 16

a nondirective insight therapy based on the work of Carl Rogers in which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens.

Question 17

Authenticity

Answer 17

the genuine, open, and honest response of the therapist to the client.

Question 18

Unconditional positive regard

Answer 18

positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached; referring to the warmth, respect, and accepting atmosphere created by the therapist for the client in personcentered therapy.

Question 19

Empathy

Answer 19

the ability of the therapist to understand the feelings of the client.

Question 20

Reflection

Answer 20

therapy technique in which the therapist restates what the client says rather than interpreting those statements.

Question 21

Gestalt Therapy

Answer 21

form of directive insight therapy in which the therapist helps clients to accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences, using leading questions and planned experiences

Question 22

Behavior therapies

Answer 22

action therapies based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning and aimed at changing disordered behavior without concern for the original causes of such behavior.

Question 23

Behavior modification

Answer 23

the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior.

Question 24

Applied behavior analysis (ABA)

Answer 24

modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response.

Question 25

Systematic desensitization

Answer 25

behavior technique used to treat phobias, in which a client is asked to make a list of ordered fears and taught to relax while concentrating on those fears.

Question 26

Aversion therapy

Answer 26

form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior.

Question 27

Exposure therapies

Answer 27

behavioral techniques that expose individuals to anxiety- or fear-related stimuli, under carefully controlled conditions, to promote new learning.

Question 28

Flooding

Answer 28

technique for treating phobias and other stress disorders in which the person is rapidly and intensely exposed to the fear-provoking situation or object and prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response.

Question 29

Modeling

Answer 29

learning through the observation and imitation of others.

Question 30

Participant modeling

Answer 30

technique in which a model demonstrates the desired behavior in a step-by-step, gradual process while the client is encouraged to imitate the model.

Question 31

Token economy

Answer 31

type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens.

Question 32

Contingency contract

Answer 32

a formal, written agreement between the therapist and client (or teacher and student) in which goals for behavioral change, reinforcements, and penalties are clearly stated.

Question 33

Time-out

Answer 33

an extinction process in which a person is removed from the situation that provides reinforcement for undesirable behavior, usually by being placed in a quiet corner or room away from possible attention and reinforcement opportunities.

Question 34

Cognitive therapy

Answer 34

therapy in which the focus is on helping clients recognize distortions in their thinking and replace distorted, unrealistic beliefs with more realistic, helpful thoughts.

Question 35

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

Answer 35

action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically.

Question 36

Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

Answer 36

cognitive–behavioral therapy in which clients are directly challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped to restructure their thinking into more rational belief statements.

Question 37

Group therapy

Answer 37

form of therapy or treatment during which a small group of clients with similar concerns meet together with a therapist to address their issues.

Question 38

Family counseling

Answer 38

a form of group therapy in which family members meet together with a counselor or therapist to resolve problems that affect the entire family.

Question 39

Self-help groups (support groups)

Answer 39

a group composed of people who have similar problems and who meet together without a therapist or counselor for the purpose of discussion, problem solving, and social and emotional support.

Question 40

Therapeutic alliance

Answer 40

the relationship between therapist and client that develops as a warm, caring, accepting relationship characterized by empathy, mutual respect, and understanding.

Question 41

Evidence-based treatment (EBT)

Answer 41

also called empirically supported treatment, refers to interventions, strategies, or techniques that have been found to produce therapeutic and desired changes during controlled research studies.

Question 42

Biomedical therapies

Answer 42

therapies that directly affect the biological functioning of the body and brain.

Question 43

Psychopharmacology

Answer 43

the use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of psychological disorders.

Question 44

Antipsychotic drugs

Answer 44

drugs used to treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and other bizarre behavior.

Question 45

Antianxiety drugs

Answer 45

drugs used to treat and calm anxiety reactions, typically minor tranquilizers.

Question 46

Antidepressant drugs

Answer 46

drugs used to treat depression and anxiety.

Question 47

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Answer 47

form of biomedical therapy to treat severe depression in which electrodes are placed on either one or both sides of a person’s head and an electric current is passed through the electrodes that is strong enough to cause a seizure or convulsion.

Question 48

Psychosurgery

Answer 48

surgery performed on brain tissue to relieve or control severe psychological disorders.

Question 49

Prefrontal lobotomy

Answer 49

psychosurgery in which the connections of the prefrontal cortex to other areas of the brain are severed.

Question 50

Bilateral anterior cingulotomy

Answer 50

psychosurgical technique in which an electrode wire is inserted into the anterior cingulate gyrus, with guidance from magnetic resonance imaging, to destroy a very small portion of that brain area with electric current.