RETAKE Midtterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Topic 1: Milieu Interieur. Compartments, Changes of Water Compartments

A
Milieu Interieur - Claude Bernard
Homeostasis
Water
TBW
Barriers between compartments
Subcompartnents
Transport process through membranes
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2
Q

Topic 2: Quantification of fluid compqrtments

A
Stewart dilution principle - V = S/C
Assessment of TBW
Assesing density
TBW
IC compartment
EC compartment
Subcompartments
Changes of water compartments
Quantification of EC comp + distribution 
Quantificartion of IV comp 
Quantification og IC comp - IC=TBW-EC
Quantification Interstitial Fl comp ISF=EC- IV vol
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3
Q

Topic 3: Factors influencing the EC compartments, Anelectrolite and Electrolite components of BLOOD plasma

A
Factors - list of 6 different factots
1. Osmotic Pressure (Vant Hoff)
2. Molarity
3. Osmolarity
4  Molality
5. Osmolality
6. Oncotic pressure (colloid pressure)

Anelectrolite comp of BP - Glucose, Urea, NPN
Electrolite comp of BP
- Osmolarity calculated on the basis of total electrolyte conc: 280mmol/kg
- Osmolarity calculated by the freezing pont depression: 300 mmol/kg
- Plasma anions and Cations

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4
Q

Topic 4: Functions, Fractions and changes of plasma proteins.

A
Synthesis 
Functions - List of 10
1. Maintaining Oncotic pressure
2. Transport functions of ALBUMIN
3. Transport functions of GLOBULINS (HL+4*T)
4. Lipids bind to proteins forming lipoproteins(VLDL etc)
5. Blood sedimentation
6. Buffee
7. Blood clotting
8. Immunity
9. Enzymes in the plasma
10. Protein metabolism

Fractions (“8 ways to kill a pig”)
Most NB protein fraction
Pathological changes

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5
Q

Topic 5. Interstitial Fluid (ISF), Transport through the cappilary wall, Measurement and composition of ISF

A

2 factors determining the formation of ISF

  • Transport through the capillary wall
  • Forces determinig transport = Diffusion

Measurement of ISF: ISF=EC - Intravasal volume
Composition of ISF: Similar to bloodplasma

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6
Q

Topic 6. Physiological role of the blood, definitions and changes in blood volume

A
1. Transportation (RBC)
MINGH
2. Buffer
3. Defence (takes place, together with WBC)
4. Homeostasis
General Charachteristics (Definition)
1. General blood/plasma
- 10 dif parameters
Hematocrit
Sedimentation rate
PH of blood
Density
Viscosity
Volume
Freezing point
Osmotic pressue
Oncotic pressure
Osmolarity/osmolality
  1. Determination of blood volume
  2. Changes in Bloodvolumes: 3*cythaemia Drawing
  3. Factors affecting BLood volume
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7
Q

Topic 7: Red bloodcells and the haemoglobin

A
No mithochondrial cells
Average lifetime
Haemoglobin amount(blood)
Haemolysis!!!
- RBC in diff solutions
- Can be brought out by

Haemoglobin

  • Pigment colouring RBC
  • Transport O2
  • Forms blood Buffer capacity
  • Synthesis require: Fe, Cu….
  • Allosteric Stimulation - Globin str for ox binding
  • Age effect
  • Transport of Blood gasses
  • Haemoglobin as buffer - HCO3- too
  • Degradation of Haemoglobin
    Phagocytes convert the HEM part to bilirubin
    Albumin binds to bilirubin in the circulation
    = Bilirubin-1
  • Synthesis of RBC
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7
Q

Topic 8: Human and animal bloodgroups

A
  1. Complex antigens - surface of Bloodcells
    15 types of BG (AB0 and Rh)
    Antibodies produced
  2. Haemagglutinogens - glycoproteins & lipids
    • Natural, Artificial & Hetero/Isohaemagg…
  3. Formation og haemagglutinins
  4. Agglutination or Hemolysis (incompatable)

Human BG:

  • H antigen encoded by H gene = AB0 system
  • A, 0 and b antigen
    1. AB0 blood type reactions
    2. Rh blood groups
  • 1st and 2nd pregnancy drawing
  • Rh incompatibility

Animal BG:

  1. No naturally formed anti b gainst RBC anti g
  2. May occur in the plasma
  3. Artificially formed anti b has a haemolysing efrect, not aglutinating.
  4. RFLP - identifies individual DNA fingerprints
  5. Blood gr - parrent testing & if Chimeras are twins or not?

Catle= B system-> prod. milk lipids biggest, B
Sheep=0- blood type, L-antigen->Serum P-level
Swine=H blood group, PHI gene -> meat, stress + horse: Jaundice illness

Boood transfusions = Diagram pig

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8
Q
  1. Neutrophil and Basophil granulocyte (WBC)
A
  1. WBC = element of Immune system.
    Develop in none marrow - noth lymphocytes
    Increase = Leukocytosis
    Decrease= Leukopenia
    Neutrophilic type: Horses & Carnivores
    Lymphocytic type: Ruminant, Swine, Bird
    (agran/granulicyte)

Neutrophil
- Segmented nucleus
- Purple-red granules in cytopl
- Cells that digest bacteria, funghi, viruses. (Phagocyte)
- Lifetime: 6-8 hours circul and.2-3 days tissue
Migration
Phagocytosis

Basophil Granulocyte
Rare
Big basophil granules in cytoplasm - Histamine, Serotonin, haparin + enzymes.
Degranulation: extrene degran= Allergy
Drawing
Specific and non specific way of degranulation

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9
Q
  1. Eosinophil granulocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, throbocytes
A
  1. Eosinophil granulocyte
  2. Chemotaxis
  3. Anti-allergic effect
  4. Mononuclear Phagocyte
    - Drawing
  5. Antigen presenttation
  6. Thrombocyte - drawing. Smallest bloodcells
    7 Lymphocytes
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10
Q
  1. Haemostasis (withought goagulation cascade) and stopping.blood coagulation
A
  • The prevention of bloodloss in case of instrinsic or extrinsic vessel injury
    1. Injuries
    2. Vascular reaction
    3. Thrombocyte reaction
  1. )Stopping blood coagulation
    - Antigoagulation
    - Fibrinolysis
    - Thrombolysis
  2. )Coagulationfactors: know.all but factor VI
  3. ) Vitamin K - Required for blood clotting
    - inhibited by Warfarin (vit.K antagonist)
    - Activated factors(II, VII, IX, X) and tissue factor III. ALL have Carboxy-glutamic acid + Glutamic acid carboxylation requires.vit K az a COENZYME
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11
Q

Topic 12. Haemostasis: Coagulation cascade mechanism

A

All drawings

  1. Central cascade
  2. Roles of Thrombin
  3. Extrinsic way of coagulatuon
  4. Intrinsic way of coagulation
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