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Y Microbiology > Extra bacteria and topic information > Flashcards

Extra bacteria and topic information Flashcards

1
Q

coagulase negative staphylococci and some characteristics

A

all normal skin flora
Staphylococcus hominis - opportunistic pathogen
S. hemolyticus - causes sepsis,endocarditis, Beta hemolytic
S. lugdunesis - endocarditis

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2
Q

Streptococcus genus characteristics

A
  • either alpha or beta hemolytic
  • lancefield carbohydrate antigen classification (not strep pneumo or viridans)
  • all catalase negative!!
  • most are faculative anerobes
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3
Q

oral streptococci and cariogenisis

A
  • the viridans group - typically are alpha hemolytic strep that are resistant to optochin and bile insoluble
  • this group is S. mutans, S. salivarius, S. sanguis, and S. mitis.
  • caries are produced when S. mutans secretes dextran and levan to attach to the enamel, causing destruction of the enamel and dentin via the production of acid. if not stopped/removed, the invasive bacteria can enter the blood stream, causing endocarditis of heart valves.
  • lactobascillus may or may not be involved
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4
Q

virulence factors and symptoms of strep pneumoniae

A 
capsule
hyaluroniase
DNAse
IgA protease
pneumolysin - RBC lysis
symptoms MOPS 
Meningitis
Otitis media
Pneumonia
Sinusitis
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5
Q

anaerobic gram negative a positive bacteria and some characteristics

A

gram neg - bacteroides, fusobacterium - normal flora of mouth, skin, GI. more commonly in formula fed infants.causes endogenous infections

gram positive - peptostreptococcus anaerobius- normal flora of mouth , skin, GI. these cause abscesses, cellulitis, PID, etc infections

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6
Q

salmonella genus and salmonellaosis

A

enterobacteriae family, over 2000 types but enteritidis and typhi are the most common. there are 1500 sereotypes of those alone.

salmonellaosis is from salmonella enteritidis mainly - causes gastroenteritis in otherwise healthy people and can become invasive and cause sepsis in young, old or immunocompromised.

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7
Q

providencia and morganella genus

A

they used to belong to the Proteus genus because they cause the same diseases. pretty much the same thing, treatment, etc

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8
Q

the salmonella typhi vaccine is what

A

a killed vaccine that causes active immunization

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9
Q

what are the species names of the shigella genus?

A

shigella sonnei, shigella dysenteriae, shigells boydii

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10
Q

shigella has a direct effect on the GI besides the invasion aspect

A

leads to microabsecces in the wall of the colon and necrosis, leading to pseudomemebrane formation

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11
Q

the yersinia genus has one strange enzyme activity, what is it?

A

lactose negative BUT ONPG positive because it has Beta-galactosidase activity

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12
Q

the buboes in Y. pestis is what?

A
  • when the flea bites you, it regurgitates the bacteria into the wound from the flea’s GI.
  • There the bacteria infect PMNs and multiply intracellularly and travel in the lymph to the lymph nodes.
  • the lymph nodes become enlarged and develop hemorrhagic necrosis => buboes
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13
Q

how is Y. pestis spread? It also causes which scary symptoms?

A

spread human to human through respiratory droplets, vector to human via flea bites. hemorrhagic pneumonia and hemorrhagic meningitis

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14
Q

Campylobacter jejuni has what shape, physical characteristic? What does this characteristic imply

A
  • it’s comma shaped with a single flagella -> invasive
  • the invasiveness of it means that it multiplies in the small intestine (causing bloody diarrhea, cramps)
  • invades the epithelium –> enters the blood –> causes sepsis, endocarditis, meningitis
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15
Q

campylobacter jejuni causes what nervous system problem?

A

guillain-barre syndrome –> autoimmune process that causes ascending demyelination and paralysis

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16
Q

H pylori and campylobacter are grown on which media and pos for which tests?

A
  • oxidase and catalase positive
  • Skirrows media because they are microaerophilic that need 5% oxygen and 10% co2
  • H. pylori is also urease pos (obviously)
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17
Q

vibrio cholerae enterotoxin does what?

A
  • It is an AB toxin that activates the Gs protein that thus activates adenylate cyclase to increase cAMP
  • the inc cAMP inhibits the Na pumps, leading to salt and water hypersecretion
  • leads to dehydration, watery diarrhea, acidosis and shock
  • treat with rehydration therapy, 1 tsp NaCl and 4 tsp glucose
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18
Q

what is another vibrio species to know?

A

vibrio parahaemolyticus - from seafood, causes mild cholera symptoms

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19
Q

aeromonas (name on topic list)

A
  • gram negative facultative anaerobe rod
  • bloody diarrhea, wound infections
  • treat with ciprofloxacin
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20
Q

plesiomonas (name on topic list)

A
  • motile gram neg, oxidase pos
  • also seafood
  • also diarrhea
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21
Q

Stenotrophomonas (name on topic list)

A
  • is a random bacteria that is similar to pseudomonas in pathological symptoms, most commonly as a nosocomial infection with immunocompromised pts
  • Oxidase NEG!
  • pneumonia, urinary tract infection, or bloodstream infection
  • in immunocompromised patients, cystic fibrosis- latent pulmonary infections
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22
Q

burkholderia (name on topic list)

A

important pathogen of pulmonary infections in people with cystic fibrosis (CF)

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23
Q

acinetobacter (name on topic list)

A
  • aerobic, oxidase neg, gram neg coccobacilli
  • opportunistic - pneumonia, urinary tract infection, or bloodstream infection
  • frequently antibiotic resistant
24
Q

Alcaligenes faecalis

A
  • gram-negative, rod-shaped and motile
  • It is positive by the oxidase test and catalase test,
  • alpha-hemolytic and requires oxygen.
25
Q

legionella is passed to people how? how does it begin infection?

A
  • no human-to-human transmission
  • passed via aerosol inhalation via AC units. also common in moist enviro like water cooling systems, shower heads, etc
  • the bacterium is phagocytosed –> the phagosome-lysosome fusions fails and the phagosome does not acidify –> they multiply inside vacuole –> burst out of cell
26
Q

Brucella species you should know

A

B. abortus- Cattle
B. suis - deer, caribou,
B. canis - dogs, foxes

27
Q

brucella is spread how? how does it begin infection?

A

-milk products
-direct skin contact with vector animal
-bite from animal
starts in lymphatic vessels –> nodes –> blood stream –>organs (replicates in cell to the point of cell swelling/lysis, causing enlargement of organs)

28
Q

what serology test is important for brucella?

A
  • wright reaction - tube agglutination that tests for specific antibodies in the pt serum
  • brucellin skin test
29
Q

Francisella tularemia is contracted how? how does the disease progress?

A
  • contact with rabbits and tick bites, can also be aerosolized! bioterror
  • enters macrophages –> travels in lymph –> goes to reticuloendothelial organs like lymph nodes –> forms cheesy necrotic granulomas
  • also causes fever, pneumonia, headache
30
Q

F. tularensis has an important test and treatment

A

tularin skin test

Glycosides and attenuated vaccine as preventative measure

31
Q

h. influenzae is asociated with which diseases?

A
  • otitis media, sinusitis
  • pneumonia, epiglottitis
  • contact lens infections
  • meningitis with b antigen
32
Q

bartonella causes which disease?

A

bacillary angiomatosis - raised vascular lesions
cat scratch fever with lymphadenopathy
subacute endocarditis

33
Q

leptospirosis colonizes where?

A

renal tubules

34
Q

Bacteroides - general stuff and disease

A
  • gram negative anaerobic rod
  • causes intra abdominal infections
  • orofacial abscess, plaut-vincent disease (severe ulcerative gingivo-pharyngitis)
  • part of normal flora of vagina, colon
  • metronidazole
35
Q

fusobacterium - general stuff

A
  • gram neg anaerobic rods
  • normal flora of mouth, colon, external reproductive organs
  • causes intrabdominal infections (ulcerative colitis, appendicitis), absecces, pharygitis, lung infections (lung gangrene)
  • plaut-vincent disease (severe ulcerative gingivo-pharyngitis)
  • metronidazole
36
Q

virulence factors of Bacillus anthracis

A

all encoded by plasmids

  • Poly-D glutamate capsule - protests against complement, phagocytosis
  • Edema factor- activates adenylate cyclase thus inc cAMP
  • protective factor - binding part of toxin
  • lethal factor - metalloproteinase, cleaves MAPK leading to cell death
37
Q

types of anthrax physical disease

A
  • cutaneous - necrotic skin lesions, papules, edema
  • pulmonary - hemorrhagic pneumonia, normally via aspiration of spores
  • GI - bloody diarrhea, lymphadenopathy
  • injection in iv drug users
38
Q

other bacilli you should know?

A

bacillus cereus - gram pos spore forming rod, beta hemolytic,
causes food poisoning,
diarrhea (long incubation time, from rice)
or
vomiting (short incubation time, from meat and vegetables)

39
Q

toxins of clostridium perfringens

A
  • capsule
  • Alpha toxin - lecithinase, polyphospholipase c => damaged cell membrane, WBC and RBC lysis (double zone of hemolysis) and endothelial cell lysis –> vascular permeability and bleeding
  • beta toxin - necrotizing activity
  • epsilon toxin - increase vascular permeability of GI
  • enterotoxin - cause food poisoning with high mortality rate. bloody diarrhea, peritonitis, shock, necrotic lesions in jejunum
40
Q

other types of clostridium species?

A

c. septicum (20%, alpha toxin)
c. novyi (40%, alpha, beta, epsilon toxin)
c. histolyticum (10-20%)

41
Q

botulinum toxin has two subunits. Also how do you treat C. botulinum infection?

A

A - blocks Ach
B - protects toxin from gastric acids!

Treatment with anti-toxin

42
Q

which test give you a real diagnosis of T. pallidum?

A

TPHA - t pallidum haemagglutination test

FTA - fluorescent treponemal antibodies

43
Q

other types of treponema palldum

A

T. pallidum endemicum - spread via eating utensils, endemic in africa, asia, australia
T pallidum pertenue - granulomatous disease, skin lesions in south america, central africa, SE asia
T. carateum - spread via direct contact with skin lesions
T. vincentii - with fusobacterium to cause vincent angina, ulcerative necrosis of the tonsils

44
Q

borellia genus, 3 species

A

Borellia recurrentis - louse
Borellia duttoni - tick
Borellia burgdorferi - tick

45
Q

the two lesser known borellia species

A

Borellia recurrentis - louse
Borellia duttoni - tick
both cause relapsing fever and are treated with tetracycline as well

46
Q

Bordatella has 3 different species names

A

bordatella pertusis
bordatella parapertusis
B. bronchiseptica

47
Q

bordatella has which toxins/virulence factors

A

fimbriae called filamentous hemagglutinin - attach to cells so toxins can be released

  • ribosylation of Gi –> inc cAMP
  • disable chemokine receptors in lymph tissue –> lymphocytosis
  • tracheal toxin cleaves cilia from epithelium
  • adenylate cyclase toxin (like edema factor) –> inc cAMP
48
Q

three stages of whooping cough

A

catarrhal - non distinctive symptoms, flu like
paroxysmal stage - coughing attacks, vomiting, lymphocytosis
convalescent stage - diminished coughing, pneumonia

49
Q

other species of corynebacterium

A

C. urealyticum - UTI, urease producer making struvite stone and renal stones
C. ulcerans - also lads to diphtheria

50
Q

Two tests for diphtheria and antibiotic tx

A

Romer probe - two guinea pigs, one with antitoxin, one without, get infected with diphtheria
Elek test
macrolide, penacillin

51
Q

erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

A

gram positive, alpha hemolytic, catalase pos

  • present in land and sea animals - butchers typically get it
  • painful raised lesion formation
  • penicillin, macrolides
52
Q

lactobacillus acidophilus

A
  • gram positive rod, some strains are anaerobic
  • produces lactic acid
  • rarely pathogenic
  • grown at lower pH, tomato juice medium, blood agar
  • smells like yogurt
  • natural flora of the oral cavity, gut, vagina
53
Q

Nocardia species

A

nocardia asteroides

nocardia brasiliensis

54
Q

actinomyces 2 species

A

israelii

neaslundii

55
Q

actinomyces causes causes which infections

A
  • cervicofacial infections
  • thoracic due to aspirations of infectious material from teeth
  • abdominal from surgery, trauma or perforation GI disease
  • gingivitis
  • perforated IUD infections
56
Q

atypical and nonpathogenic mycobacterium

A
  • Mycobacterium avium - a group of species that cause disseminated and lung tbc, used to be a significant cause of death in AIDS patients.
  • Mycobacterium kansasii - cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis and leprosy in immunocompromised ppl
  • Mycobacterium marinum is a free-living bacterium, which causes opportunistic infections in humans. M. marinum sometimes causes a rare disease known as aquarium granuloma, which typically affects individuals who work with fish or keep home aquariums. also nodules, skin ulcers

Y Microbiology (9 decks)

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