Site Analysis + Programming Flashcards
Sir Christopher Wren
1632 - 1723
designer, astronomer, geometrician, and the greatest English architect of his time
Masterplan for London after Great Fire of 1666 (not used) - St. Paul’s Cathedral in 1710- Designed 53 London churches
Founder of the Royal Society
Kevin Lynch
1818 - 1984
Urban Planner and Author
‘The Image of the City’
New England, USA- Studied under FLW at Taliesin/Professor at MIT
Early proponent of mental mapping. Coined “imageability” and “wayfinding”
Wrote ‘The Image of the City’ how users perceive and organize space as they navigate through cities. Also known as legibility, the ease with which people understand the layout of a place based on the following:•Paths: streets, sidewalks, trails that people travel on•Edges: perceived boundaries like walls, buildings, shorelines Districts: city sections distinguished by some identity/ character •Nodes: focal points, intersections•Landmarks: readily identifiable objects become reference points
Christopher Wolfgang Alexander
1936 - present (80 years)
b. Vienna Austria
Emeritus professor at University of California, Berkeley
Architect and design theorist
Wrote ‘A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction’ 1977 which described a practical architectural system in what’s called a “generative form”. It provides rules to follow but leaves aesthetic and design decisions to the architect based on the environment. Offers methods for construction of practical/safe designs for everything from regions to hardware fixtures.
Jane Jacobs
1916 - 2006
Jouranalist, Author, Activist
Wrote ‘The Death and Life of Great American Cities’ 1961 which is a critique of urban renewal policy of the 1950s and how they destroyed communities and created isolated, unnatural urban spaces. Wanted to abolish zoning laws and restore free markets in land. Wanted dense, mixed-use neighborhoods and vibrant communities.
Frequently cited Greenwich Village as an example of a vibranturban community- Coined phrase “eyes on the street” a reference to naturalsurveillance by people in their neighborhood
Camillo Sitte
1843 - 1903
Austrian architect, painter and city planning theoretician with great influence and authority of the development of urban construction planning and regulation in Europe
Thought that the experience of an irregular urban structure withbig plazas and monuments was more appropriate than thehygienic planning procedures in practice at the time.
Wrote ‘City Planning According to Artistic Principles’ 1889
which suggested that the quality of urban space is more important than architectural form (the whole is much more than sum of its parts) - Planning cannot be done in two dimensions, but three.
- Believed Greek spaces like the agora (gathering place) or forum (marketplace) were good urban spaces- Said a public square should be seen as a room and should form an enclosed space- Churches and monuments shouldn’t be isolated, but integrated into the squares
Baron Haussmann
1809 - 1891
Civic Planner
Paris, France
Responsible for the plan to rebuild and “modernize” Paris under Napoléon III - Encompassed all aspects of urban planning, both in the city center and in the surrounding districts. - Cut down the Luxembourg Garden and destroyed much of theold city with twisting streets and rundown apartments.- Built new wide tree lined boulevards. Placed regulations onfacades/heights of buildings, public parks, sewers/waterworks,facilities and monuments.- Influenced by the frequency street revolutions, now streets weretoo broad for rebels to build barricades and military could assemble and get through
Tony Garnier
1869 - 1948
Architect/City Planner
Lyon, France
Garnier’s drawings for an ideal industrial city called Une cité industrielle were initially exhibited in 1904, but only published later in 1918
which suggested that functions of acity could be separated by zoning into four categories: leisure,industry, work, and transportation- Was developed in response to the industrial revolution- Schools and vocational schools are placed near the industries they are related to, and there are no churches or government/police buildings so man can rule himself. Pioneered the use of reinforced concrete- Designed innovative building block with free standing houses- Enormous open spaces. There are few squares or parks- Trees are incorporated into important streets
Sir Ebenezer Howard
Writer/Parliament Recorderkeeper
1910s
London, UK
- Wrote Garden Cities of To-morrow which describe a utopian
city where people live harmoniously with nature, the basis for the
Garden City Movement.
- “Three Magnets” pull a people are: town, country, town-country
- Suburban towns of limited size, but financially independent could
be planned ahead and surrounded by a belt of agricultural land, balancing the desire for the city and the country. These cities would be connected by a ring of rail transportation and surround a large central city.
Pierre Charles L’Enfant
Architect/Civil Engineer
Late 1700’s/Early 1800’s
New York, USA
- Submitted plans for the federal city in Washington DC that
followed a Baroque planning elements including grand radial avenues, sight lines, ceremonial spaces, and respect of natural contours of the land. The two most important buildings on the avenues were to be the houses of Congress and the President. Visual connections would be made down avenues to ideal sites throughout the city, including buildings, monuments, and fountains
Was dismissed of his duties and city plan was awarded to surveyor Andrew Ellicott, who’s revisions became the basis for the development
In 1901 a partial redesign of the capital used L’Enfant’s plans, including the development of the national mall where his largest avenue was originally intended.
Daniel Burnham
Architect/Urban Planner
Late 1800s/Early 1900s
Chicago USA
- Instrumental in the development of the skyscraper, key
contributor to the Chicago School, and served as director of the
World’s Columbian Expo
- Studied under William LeBaron Jenny and opened a firm with
John Root
- Designed one of the first skyscrapers: the Masonic Temple
Building, which was 21 stories tall, and a skeleton frame
- Designed the Flatiron Building in New York and Union Station
in Washington DC
- Designed the Monadnock, Reliance Building, Rookery offices,
the general plan for the World’s Columbian Expo in Chicago
- Prepared the Plan of Chicago which laid out plans for the future
of the city which controlled growth and suggested that every
citizen should be within walking distance of a park
- Helped with McMillan Plan which led to overall design of the
national mall in Washington DC
William LeBaron Jenney
Architect
Late 1800s
Chicago, USA
- “The Father of the American Skyscraper”
- Designed the Home Insurance Building the first fully metal framed building, considered to be the first skyscraper (8 stories)
- Used masonry, iron, and terra cotta flooring and partitions for fireproof construction
Clarence Stein
Architect/Urban Planner
Early 1900s
New York City, USA
- Major proponent of the Garden City Movement in the USA - Collaborated with Henry Wright to design Rayburn, New
Jersey a garden suburb noted for its superblock layout. There was total separation between the automobile and the pedestrian.
Lewis Mumford
Historian/Author
1950s - 1980s
New York City, USA
- Beleved that what sets humans apart from animals is not our use
of tools, but our use of language/symbols.
- friends with Frank Lloyd Wright, Clarence Stein, Edmund
Bacon
- Critical of urban sprawl and argued that the structure of modern cities is partially responsible for social problems seen in western society. Argues that urban planning should emphasize organic relationships between people and their living spaces
- Said the medieval city should be the basis of the ideal city. Modern cities are too much like Roman cities (a sprawling megalopolis) which ended in collapse.
Frederick Law Olmsted
Journalist/Landscape Architect
Late 1800s
New York City, USA
- “The father of Landscape Architecture”
- Famous for designing Central Park and Prospect Park as well
as many parks throughout the country
Clarence Perry
Planner/Writer 1920s/1930s New York City, USA- A strong advocate of the neighborhood community and recreation cente r- Wrote ‘The Neighborhood Theory’ which served as a frameworkto design functional, self-contained neighborhoods in industrial cities. Included the following core principles:
- No major traffic through residential areas, arterial streets should form the perimeter to define the “place” of the neighborhood- Interior streets to use cul-de-sacs and curves for low volume traffic- Population would be determined by the number of people needed to support one school, and would be about 160 acres with 10 families per acre.- The school would be at the center of the neighborhood so that a child would have to walk 1/4 mile - 1/2 mile, and without crossing any major streets- Shopping, churches, services would be placed on the edge of the neighborhood so that nonlocal traffic wouldn’t intrude on the neighborhood- 10% of the land area would be dedicated to parks and open space for community
Patrick Geddes
Biologist/Town Planner
Late 1800s
France
- Responsible for introducing the concept of region to architecture - Believed that by changing spatial form, it would be possible to
change the social structure as well
- Emphasized the preservation of human life and energy rather
than superficial beautification. The happiness, health, and comfort of all residents is more important than the roads and park for the rich.
Le Corbusier
Architect
1910s - 1950s
France
- One of the pioneers of Modern Architecture
- Distanced himself from the past, and based designs on
functionality without ornamentation
- Developed the Five Points of Architecture which included:
pilotis (reinforced concrete stilts), a free facade (non supporting walls designed however), open plan (no structure in the way), ribbon windows (for unencumbered views), and roof garden (green area consumed by the building on the ground was relocated to the roof)
- Developed The Modulor a continuation of architectural scale and proportion based off the human body, the golden ratio, fibonacci numbers, and the double unit
Louis Sullivan
Architect
Late 1800s/Early 1900s
Chicago, USA
- Father of the modern skyscraper, critic of the Chicago School,
mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright, and inspiration to the Prairie
School.
- Used steel frames with terra cotta to create tall buildings that emphasized verticality
- Believed that the exterior of a building should reflect its inter structure and function. Ornamentation must be derived from nature rather than classical architecture of the past
Frank Lloyd Wright
Architect
Early 1900s
Chicago, USA
- Leader of the Prairie School, and emphasized structures built in
harmony with humanity and its environment, notably seen in Fallingwater.
Buckminster Fuller
Architect/Engineer/Inventor
Mid 1900s
Los Angeles, USA
- Developed the geodesic dome, and futuristic prototype housing
Walter Gropius
Architect
1910s-1950s
Germany/Boston, USA
- Founder of the Bauhaus School, pioneer of modern
architecture, and the International Style.
- emphasized the gesamtkunstwerk or total work of art
Ludwig Hilbersimer
Architect/Urban Planner
1920s-1950s
Germany/Chicago, USA
- Taught at the Bauhaus
- Wrote City Plan which emphasized street hierarchy including
safety for children to walk to walk to school while increasing the
speed of vehicular circulation
- Developed studies for the new town center which was a
dissolution of major cities and a complete penetration of
landscape and settlement
- In order to create a sustainable relationship between human,s
industry, and nature, human habitation should be built in a way to secure people against disaster and crisis
Ludwig Miles van fee Rohe
Architect
1920s-1950s
Germany/Chicago, USA
- Pioneer of modern architecture,
- “Less is more” and “God is in the details”
- Sought a rational approach that would guide architecture through
a creative process
Charles McKim
Architect
Late 1800s
Germany/Boston, USA
- Member of McKim, Mead, and White bringing beaux-arts
architecture to America. Notable buildings include Boston
Public Library, Penn Station, New York Herald Building
Phillip Johnson
Architect
1940s - 2000s
New England, USA
- Modern architect that worked in simple materials and glass.
- Notable buildings include the Glass House and The Seagram Building
Piazza Saint Peter
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
1650s - 1660s
Rome
- Designed so that the greatest number of people could see the
Pope give his blessing
- Used doric columns so not to complete with the palace-like faced by Carlo Maderno, but done at such a huge scale to evoke emotions of awe
World’s Colombian Exposition
Daniel Burnham and Frederick Law Olmstead
1893
Chicago, USA
- Celebrated the 400th anniversary of Columbus’ arrival - The prototype of what they thought a city should be
- Showed desirable results could be achieved through organized efforts
- Designed to follow Beaux Arts principles and French neoclassical architecture based on symmetry, balance, and splendor.
Savannah, Georgia City Plan
James Edward Oglethorpe
1770s
Georgia, USA
- first colonial town laid out on a grid system
- groups of 40 houses are bound by major streets and each section has a public square
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania City Plan
William Penn
1690s
Pennsylvania, USA
- an early attempt at a “pre planned” utopian city based on a grid
Letchworth Garden City
Ebenezer Howard
1903
Hertfordshire, England
- the world’s first Garden City
Welwyn Garden City
Ebenezer Howard
1920
Hertfordshire, England
- the second Garden City and one of the first New Towns
Radburn, New Jersey
Clarence Stein
1928
New Jersey, USA
- first Garden City plan in the USA. It took on planning for pedestrians and automobiles, by the use of underpasses to allow pedestrians to pass under automobiles. Only 1 underpass was constructed
Reston, Virginia
Robert Simon
1964
Virginia, USA
- Influenced by the Radburn plan. It was the first modern post-war planned community, and features a series of underpasses that promote travel on foot
Williamsburg, Virginia
Rev. W. Goodwin/John D. Rockefeller
1920s/1930s
Virginia, USA
- Part of the city was acquired and restored/preserved/reconstructed to become the Colonial Williamsburg foundation
Charleston, South Carolina
-
1931
South Carolina, USA
- First city in the USA to establish a “historic district” as a response to the growing number of aging buildings from theft, demolition, and neglect
Romanesque
900s - end of 1100’s
Medieval Europe
- Round headed arches, arcades, symbolism, sometimes
squished elements to fit into tight spaces
Gothic
1100s - 1300s
Europe
- Popular for religious structures, and featured the development of
the pointed arch, buttressing, and ribbed vaults.
- allowed for thinner walls, larger glass windows, and vaults to be constructed over bays that were square/rectangular/odd shaped
Georgian
Late 1760s- 1790s
England/Colonial America, USA
- General buildings were 5 bays with 2 stories and a central door,
a double gambrel roof, quoining, heavy detailing (molding profile, keystone) thick chimney, 12 over 12 windows that were small compared to the building mass, and mutule blocks
Federal/Adamesque
1790s - 1820s USA
- Style that originated from Pompeii.
- Delicate detail & ornamentation, 12 over 12 windows, circulate
window in pediment, pilasters that create arcade, splayed/point lintel, finely carved moldings, fan/transom lights around doorway,
Greek Revival
1840s - 1860s
USA
- Looks like a temple with chunky details, arched columnist with correct proportions, full pediment, correct entablature (cornice, freeze, architrave), 6 over 6 windows, squared lintel, earlier examples have lower pitched roof
- Facades were in antis (two columns and two pilasters on facade)
Gothic Revival
1850s - 1860s
England (never took off in US)
- sought to revive medieval forms in contrast to the neoclassical/
beaux arts styles prevalent at the time. Associated w/churches - steep pitch roof, painted arches, verge board, wall dormers,
irregular “L” shaped plan, flat buttressing
Italianate
1865 - 1880 England/Northern Europe/US- Modeled on 16th century Italian renaissance architecture with picturesque aesthetics.- very tall/elongated feeling with irregular or symmetrical plan, 2 over 2 long narrow windows, paired bracket, cupola, corner quoining, squared columns with chamfered corners, cast iron details, heavy hood moldings, multiple story bay windows, shallow dormers and narrow double leaf doors.
Second Empire
1870s - 1880’s
USA
- Exactly like Italianate but with mansard roofs
Shingle Style
Late 1880s
USA/New England
- Closely related to masonry, mimics the shape of stone, has
shingles used as membrane, cavernous openings in gable are emphasized, as well as the overall volume of the building instead of details, gambrel roofs have curve edges, and shingles curve around corners and protrusions
Richardsonian Romanesque
1880s
USA
- developed by H.H. Richardson, and basically a masonry version
of the Shingle Style
Queen Anne
1880s - 1900s
USA
- Hybrid with Shingle Style that emphases many wild colors,
scalloped shingles, gable screens (combined verge board) turrets/towers, irregular floor plan, clapboard siding, starburst motifs, weathervanes/finials, 1 over 1 windows typical, cube/ pyramid roof, slate wallhangings/roof, chamfered bays, oriel windows, big windows with little on top
- Heavy, big proportions, with roundheaded arches, belt courses, different color stones, and ornamentation in sandstone.
American Four Square
1890s - 1930s
USA
- A building type that can be applied to any style.
- typically a cube, with a door and window on first floor and two
windows on the second floor, and a hipped roof
Colonial Revival
1890s - 1930s
USA
- Excessive in every way, classical columns, 8 over 8 sash
windows or any # over 1 windows, blown out of scale details, swans neck pediments
Prairie School
1890s - 1920s
USA
- Low and wide projections that emphasize horizontality, broad
eves, stucco facades, windows and doors tucked under eaves
for privacy.
- Typically associated with Frank Lloyd Wright
Bungalow/Craftsman
1913 - 1920s
USA
- Low, small and modest construction that has a Japanese
influence with square battered columns, exposed rafter tails, and emphasis of craftsmanship in design (clinkerbrick!) wide eaves, ideas borrowed from shingle style, and considered a dignified middle class home
Art Deco
1929
USA
- Vertical/stripped down gothic that seems to go on forever to the
sky, any ornamentation is replaced with mechanics, and alludes to speed and industry
International Style
1920s
Western Europe
- An effort to industrialize craft traditions, which led to the
Bauhaus school led by Gopius
Industrial Revolution
1790s - 1860s
UK/Western Europe/USA
- Transition from manual labor to machine based manufacturing
beginning with textile industries, and the increased use of coal.
Cities became dirty, unsafe places.
- Prompted a reform movement that lead to many ideas about
planning
