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Pathophysiology > Chapter 17: Blood and Lymphatic Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Blood and Lymphatic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of blood?

A

Blood provides the major transport system of the body for essentials such as oxygen, glucose and other nutrients, hormones, electrolytes, and cell wastes. It serves as a critical part of the body’s defense , carrying antibodies and white blood cells for the rapid removal of any foreign material.

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2
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

Blood maintain a stable pH of 7.35 to 7.45

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3
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

volume of red cell mass in 100 ml of plasma

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4
Q

What is plasma?

A

a clear yellowish fluid remaining after the cells have been removed(liquid component) carries antibodies and nutrients to tissues and carries waste away

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5
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

the differentiation process forms committed stem cells for each type of blood cell. These cells then proliferate and mature, providing the specialized functional cells needed by the body

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6
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Insufficient oxygen

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7
Q

What is hemolysis?

A

destruction of RBC’s

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8
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

red blood cells (donut like centers but with thin centers rather than holes) carries oxygen to the tissues and removes carbon dioxide from them.

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9
Q

What is leukopoiesis?

A

production of white blood cells

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10
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

make up 30% to 40% of WBCs participate in the inflammatory and immune response

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11
Q

What is CBC?

A

Complete Blood Count

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12
Q

What is HGB?

A

Hemoglobin content of blood

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13
Q

What is WBC with differential?

A

indicates the proportions of specific types of WBCs in the blood and frequently assists in the making a diagnosis

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14
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

the most common leukocyte, comprising 50% to 60% of WBCs, they only service only 4 days, they are the first to respond to tissue damage

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15
Q

What is MCV?

A

mean corpuscular volume= Size of RBC

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16
Q

What are basophils?

A

appear to migrate from the blood and enter tissue to become mast cells that can release histamine into the blood and participate in delayed allergic reaction and heparin (anticoagulant).

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17
Q

What are eosinophils?

A

tend to combat the effects of histamine. They are increased by allergic reactions and fight lung and skin infections

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18
Q

What are monocytes?

A

can enter the tissue to become macrophages which act as phagocytes when tissue damage occurs participate in immunity

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19
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

also called platelets, are an essential part of the blood-clotting process or hemostasis. Thrombocytes are not cells!

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20
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

refers to a decreased number of circulating platelets( too few platelets)

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21
Q

What is thrombocytopenia associated with?

A

Decreased bone marrow production
Increased pooling in the spleen
Decreased of blood vessel integrity result from structurally weak vessels or vessel damage due to inflammation and immune mechanisms.
Infection

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22
Q

What are manifestations of thrombocytopenia?

A

Rapid drop in platelet count several days after resuming drug
Hemorrhagic diathesis
Splenomegaly

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23
Q

What is the diagnosis for thrombocytopenia?

A

History of taking drug before
Platelet count
S/S

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24
Q

What are treatments for thrombocytopenia?

A

Discontinue Drug

Splenectomy

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25
Q

What is Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura?

A

an auto immune disorder, results in platelet antibody formation and excess destruction of platelets.

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26
Q

What are manifestations of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura?

A

Sudden onset of petechiae and purpura- acute condition
Bruising, bleeding from gums, epistaxis and abnormal menses
Splenomegaly

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27
Q

What is the diagnosis for Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura?

A

Platelet counts < 20,000/ml

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28
Q

What are the treatments for Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura?

A

corticosteroid drugs, Splenectomy and immunosuppressive agents

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29
Q

What is blood clotting?

A

When a blood vessel is injured, clotting begins within minutes to stop loss of blood. Coagulation factors are essential to normal blood clotting. Absent, decreased, or excess coagulation factors may lead to a clotting abnormality.

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30
Q

What are coagulation defects?

A

deficiencies of one or more of the known clotting factors

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31
Q

How can a person acquire coagulation defects?

A

Defective synthesis
Inherited disease
Increased consumption of the clotting factors

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32
Q

What are the manifestations of coagulation defects?

A

Bleeding typically occurs after injury or trauma

Large bruises, hematomas, or prolonged bleeding into GI or urinary tract or joints

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33
Q

What is agglutination?

A

(clumping) antigen-antibody reaction would occur with, for example, an incompatible blood transfusion

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34
Q

What are primary coagulation defects?

A

Hemophilias (Type a, b, and c)

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35
Q

What are secondary coagulation defects?

A

Clotting factors deficiencies or enhanced consumption or breakdown of factors
Prothrombin deficiency and or deficiency of other Vitamin K clotting factors
Drug induces- oral anticoagulants or heparin
Liver disease
Anemia

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36
Q

What are the diagnoses for secondary coagulation defects?

A

CBC, Clotting tests

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37
Q

What is PTT?

A

(partial thromboplastin time) measures the presence of plasma factors that act in a portion of the coagulation pathway

38
Q

What is PT?

A

(prothrombin time) Test the ability of blood to clot (used to monitor patients take coumadin)

39
Q

What are the types of blood therapies?

A

Whole blood, packed red blood cells, or packed platelets

40
Q

What is anemia?

A

not a disease but an indication of a disease process or alteration in body function. (Blood dyscrasia- disease)

41
Q

What are the categories of anemia?

A
  1. Impaired oxygen transport
  2. Changes in red cell structure
  3. Signs and Symptoms of pathological process causing anemia
42
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of anemias?

A
  1. pallor
  2. Angina
  3. Fatigue
  4. dyspnea
  5. Tachycardia
  6. Jaundice
  7. Purpura, petechiae
43
Q

What is an example of blood loss anemia?

A

Acute Hypovolemic Shock (caused by hemorrhage)

44
Q

What is the diagnosis for hypovolemic shock?

A

Hemoglobin and Hematocrit

45
Q

What are the treatments for hypovolemic shock?

A

blood replacement (transfusion), treat underlying problem(cause)

46
Q

What is Chronic Hypovolemic Shock?

A

loss of blood leads to iron deficiency creating microcytic, hypochromic anemia

47
Q

What is the diagnosis for Chronic Hypovolemic Shock?

A

H&H, CBC, blood smear

48
Q

What are the treatments for Chronic Hypovolemic Shock?

A

iron replacement, ferrous sulfate, Imferon, blood replacement, treat underlying problem

49
Q

What are hemolytic anemias?

A

Premature destruction of RBCs short life span of RBC with hemolysis

50
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hemolytic anemias?

A

jaundice, hemoglobinemia, hemglobinuria, and general symptoms

51
Q

What are the causes of hemolytic anemias?

A

Primary or Intrinsic- genetic, hemoglobinopathy, defect in cell membrane
Acquired or extrinsic- drugs, bacteria, trauma

52
Q

What are the diagnoses for hemolytic anemias?

A

CBC, H&H, bilirubin, blood smears, urine bilirubin

53
Q

What are the treatments for hemolytic anemias?

A

Splenectomy- reduces RBC destruction and removal

54
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

genetic defect in the hemoglobin causes shape of the cell to change

55
Q

What is the diagnosis for sickle cell anemia?

A

CBC, blood smear, genetic studies

56
Q

What are the treatments for sickle cell anemia?

A

blood transfusions, palliative, pain meds, bone marrow transplant, counseling

57
Q

What is Thalassemia?

A

absence of defective synthesis of hemoglobins, hereditary (found in the Mediterranean population)

58
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Thalassemia?

A

splenomegaly, hepatomegaly

59
Q

What is the diagnosis for Thalassemia?

A

CBC, blood smear

60
Q

What are the treatments for Thalassemia?

A

Blood replacement

61
Q

What are iron deficiency anemias?

A

Associated with inadequate dietary iron, chronic blood loss

62
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemias?

A

Fatigue dysphagia Brittle hair and nails

Angina SOB pallor

63
Q

What are the causes of iron deficient anemia?

A

blood loss, decreased dietary intake of iron

64
Q

What are the diagnoses for iron deficient anemia?

A

CBC, blood smear

65
Q

What are the treatments for iron deficient anemia?

A

ferrous sulfate, Imferon

66
Q

What is vitamin B-12 deficiency anemia?

A

Lack of mature erythrocytes

67
Q

What causes vitamin B-12 deficiency anemia?

A

lack of intestinal absorption of B-12. B-12 cannot be absorbed into the bloodstream without the aid of a special substance intrinsic factor that normally found in gastric juice

68
Q

What are the diagnoses for vitamin B-12 deficiency anemia?

A

CBC, blood smear, serum B12

69
Q

What are the treatments for vitamin B-12 deficiency anemia?

A

Vitamin B-12 injections, treat underlying intestinal disorder if present

70
Q

What is folic acid deficiency anemia?

A

Caused by malnutrition, found in alcoholics and debilitated patients

71
Q

What are the diagnoses and treatments for folic acid deficient anemia?

A

Dx: CBC
Trx: Folic Acid 1-5mg/day

72
Q

What is aplastic anemia?

A

Failure of blood cell production due to aplasia (absence of development, formation) of bone marrow cells

73
Q

What is the cause of aplastic anemia?

A

unknown in 66% of cases, drugs, radiation, chemicals

74
Q

What are the diagnosis for aplastic anemia?

A

CBC, blood smear, bone marrow aspiration

75
Q

What are the treatments for aplastic anemia?

A

Blood Transfusions, bone marrow transplant

76
Q

What is polycythemia vera?

A

An increase in RBCs from over production in the bone marrow

77
Q

What is the diagnosis for polycythemia vera?

A

CBC, bone marrow, aspiration

78
Q

What are the treatments for polycythemia vera?

A

phlebotomy, chemotherapy

79
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of polycythemia vera?

A

headache, hypertension, weight loss,

80
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of thrombocytopenia?

A

bruising, bleeding, splenomegaly

81
Q

What are the diagnosis for thrombocytopenia?

A

platelet count is below 10,000

82
Q

What are the treatments for thrombocytopenia?

A

Splenectomy, remove drug, replace the platelets

83
Q

What is Myelodysplastic Syndrome?

A

involve inadequate production of cells by the bone marrow

84
Q

What causes Myelodysplastic Syndrome?

A

idiopathic or following chemotherapy or radiation treatment

85
Q

What are the diagnoses for Myelodysplastic Syndrome?

A

Blood test, Bone Marrow Biopsy

86
Q

What are the treatments for Myelodysplastic Syndrome?

A

transfusion replacements, bone marrow transplants

87
Q

What is Leukemia?

A

A malignant neoplasm of hematopoietic stem cells causes replacement of bone marrow with immature neoplastic cells in large numbers

88
Q

What are the classifications of lymphocytic leukemia?

A

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) kids ages 2-4

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (AML) adults over the age of 50

89
Q

What are the classifications of Myelocytic leukemia?

A

Acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) ages 13-39
Chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) ages 30-50
Dx: Blood smear and bone marrow aspiration(bx)
Trx: Chemotherapy and supportive trx, bone marrow transplant

90
Q

What are the chemo protocols for leukemia?

A

Cytoxan
Prednisone
Vincristine
Asparaginase

91
Q

What are lymphoma’s?

A

Malignant neoplasm of cells native to lymphoid tissue, lymphocytes and histiocytes

Pathophysiology (7 decks)

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