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Biology > Cell Structure And Division > Flashcards

Cell Structure And Division Flashcards

1
Q

Transmission electron microscope work by

A

Use electromagnetic to focus a beam of electrons which is then transmitted through the specimen. Denser parts of the specimen absorb more electrons so appear dark on the image.

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2
Q

Scanning electron microscopes work by

A

Scan a beam of electrons across the specimen. This knocks off electrons from the specimen which are gathered in a cathode ray tube to form an image.

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3
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of of transmission electron microscopes

A

Adv - high resolution

Dis - thin and dead specimen

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4
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of of scanning electron microscopes

A

Adv - thick specimens and 3D image

Dis - low resolution and dead specimens

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5
Q

Cell fractionation

A

Homogenisation:
Break up plasma membrane of specimen to release organelles into solution. Solution must be ice cold to reduce enzyme activity and be isotonic to prevent damage by osmosis. Add buffer to maintain pH
Flirtation:
Filter solution to separate tissue debris from organelles. Use gauze
Ultracentrifugation l:
Spin in centrifuge. Heavy settle at slow speed and increase

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6
Q

Mitosis in detail

A

Interphase:
DNA unravels and replicates. Organelles replicate. ATP increases
Prophase:
Chromosomes condense. Spindle forms. Nuclear envelopes breaks down and chromosomes lie free in the cytoplasm
Metaphase:
Chromosomes attach to spindle by centromere
Anaphase:
Centromeres divide. Spindles contract. Chromatids move to opposite piles
Telophase:
Chromatids uncoil and become chromosomes. Nuclear envelope forms.
Cytokinesis:
Cytoplasm divides

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7
Q

Mitosis steps

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
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8
Q

Absorption of glucose by cotransport

A

Sodium ions are actively transported out of the ileum into the blood by a sodium potassium pump
This creates a concentration gradient so sodium ions move from the blood into the ileum down its concentration gradient along with glucose across the sodium glucose co transporter protein.
This creates a concentration gradient as more glucose is in the ileum than the blood
Glucose diffuses out of the ileum into the blood down the concentration gradient via a protein channel by facilitated diffusion

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9
Q

Function of chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis

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10
Q

Function of the Golgi apparatus

A

Processes and packages lipids and proteins. Makes lysosomes

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11
Q

Function Golgi vesicle

A

Stores lipids and proteins made by Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell

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12
Q

Function of Lysosome

A

Contains lysozyme. Kept separate from the cytoplasm by the surrounding membrane and can be used to digest invading cells or to breakdown worn out components of the cell

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13
Q

Function of Ribosome

A

Site where proteins are made

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14
Q

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Folds and processes proteins that have been made by ribosome s

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15
Q

Function of Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesises and processes lipids

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16
Q

Function of cell wall

A

Supports cells and prevents them from changing shape

17
Q

Function of cell vacuole

A

Helped to maintain pressure inside the cell and keep the cell rigid. This stops plants wilting. Involved in the isolation of unwanted chemicals inside the body
Contains cell sap - weak solution of sugar and salts

18
Q

Describe the structure of a prokaryotic cell

A 
Cytoplasm
Flagellum
Free floating DNA
Plasmids - loops of DNA
Slime capsule
Cell wall
Cell surface membrane
19
Q

Function of a slime capsule

A

Protect bacteria from attack by cells of the immune system

20
Q

What do animal cells contain?

A 
cell surface membrane
rough endoplasmic reticulum
nucleolus
nucleus
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
lysosome
ribosome
nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
cytoplasm
mitochondria
21
Q

What do plant cells contain?

A 
cell surface membrane
rough endoplasmic reticulum
nucleolus
nucleus
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
ribosome
nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
cytoplasm
mitochondria
chloroplast
plasmodesmata
vacuole
cell wall
22
Q

What do algal cells contain?

A 
cell surface membrane
rough endoplasmic reticulum
nucleolus
nucleus
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
ribosome
nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
cytoplasm
mitochondria
chloroplast
vacuole
cell wall
23
Q

What do fungal cells contain?

A 
cell surface membrane
rough endoplasmic reticulum
nucleolus
nucleus
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
ribosome
nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
cytoplasm
mitochondria
chloroplast
vacuole
chitin cell wall
24
Q

Function of a cell surface membrane

A

Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell. It also has receptor molecules on it, which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones

25
Q

Function of nucleus

A

Controls cells activities and contains instructions to make proteins

26
Q

Function of nuclear pores

A

Allows RNA to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

27
Q

Function of nucleolus

A

makes ribosomes

28
Q

Structure of the mitochondria

A 
Oval shaped
Double membrane
Inner membrane called a cristae
Matrix inside double membrane
Matrix contains enzymes for respiration
29
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

site of aerobic respiration

aerobic respiration produces ATP

30
Q

Where are mitochondria found?

A

In active cells that require a lot of energy

31
Q

Structure of a chloroplast

A

Double membrane
Inside double membrane is thylakoid membrane
Thylakoid membranes stacked up to form grana
Grana are linked by lamellae

32
Q

How to prokaryotes relplicate

A 
Binary fission 
Circular DNA and plasmids divide
Cell gets bigger
DNA loops move to opposite poles of the cell
Cytoplasm divides
33
Q

How do viruses replicate

A

Attachment proteins binds to complementary receptor proteins on host cell
Virus releases genetic info
Genetic info replicates using host cells machinery
Viral components assemble
Host cell bursts and releases replicated virsuses

34
Q

How do chemical drugs prevent cancer?

A

They prevent the synthesis of enzymes needed for DNA replication. If these aren’t produced, the cell is unable to enter the synthesis phase, disrupting the cell cycle and forcing the cell to kill itself

35
Q

How does radiation and drugs stop cancer?

A

Damage the DNA. At several points in the cell cycle, the DNA in the cell is checked for damage. If severe DNA damage is detected, the cell will kill itself. This prevents tumour growth

Biology (15 decks)

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