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Neuro Review Flashcards

1
Q

gray matter consists of

A

unmyelinated neurons (has glial cells, cell bodies and dendrites)

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2
Q

white matter consists of

A

nerve fibers and mylenated axons

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3
Q

cranial nerves, spinal nerves and all plexus’s are part of the

A

PNS

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4
Q

how many spinal nerves are there

A

31 pairs

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5
Q

spinal nerves have both an ___ root and ___ root

A

ant and post
ant carries motor away from CNS (efferent)
post carries sensation to CNS (afferent)

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6
Q

what is the somatic NS

A

the peripheral and motor fibers (voluntary mvmt)

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7
Q

the sympathetic and parasymp systems make up the

A

ANS

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8
Q

what influence does ANS have on body

A

the ANS influences all body organs, vessels, and glands regardig maintainig homeostasis

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9
Q

the white matter in the cerebrum is aka

A

corpus collasum (communication btwn both sides of brain)

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10
Q

which side of the brain is logical, language (analytical, production of written and spoken language)

A

Left, language, logical

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11
Q

traits of R side of brain

A

nonverbal processing
artistist ability
expression

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12
Q

what part of the brain controls voluntary movment

A

the cerebrum (motor cortex) in the frontal lobe

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13
Q

Brocas area is located where

A

L frontal hemisphere

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14
Q

what is brocas area

A

it is responsible for speech production (say what you want to say)

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15
Q

what is wernickes area

A

where language is understood (usually in Left temporal)

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16
Q

judgement, reasoning, behavior, personality all come from what lobe

A

Frontal

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17
Q

if frontal lobe is damaged what would you expect to see as far as weakness

A

CONTRA lateral weakness

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18
Q

if frontal lobe is damaged, what would you see as far as overall presentation

A

personality changes, brocas aphasia, impaired concentration

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19
Q

primary motor cortex is what lobe

A

frontal lobe of cerebrum

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20
Q

primary location for processing smell and sound is what lobe

A

temporal lobe of cerebrum

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21
Q

perception of touch, sensation, temp, vibration, spatial perception all are what lobe (sensory awareness)

A

pariatal

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22
Q

main processing center for visual input and diminsions

A

occipital lobe

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23
Q

this is responsible for forming and storing new memories, declaring memories, and learning language (also list lobe)

A

hippocampus (it’s in temporal lobe)

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24
Q

gray matter massess in the cerebrum that are responsible for voluntary movment, posture, and control of motor responses

A

basal ganglia

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25
Q

diseases of the basal ganglia

A

parkinsons, huntingtonns, tourettses, ADD, obsessions

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26
Q

what it huntingtons

A

it’s hyperactivity of basal ganglia, too much motor output causing (chorea-uncontrolled movement)

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27
Q

main function of the amygdala is

A

emotional and social processing, fear responses

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28
Q

paralysis is due to damage of the

A

frontal lobe

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29
Q

loss of executive function is due to damage of the

A

frontal lobe

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30
Q

deficits in sensory awareness is due to damage of what lobe

A

parietal

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31
Q

damage to what lobe would result in short and long term memory deficit

A

temporal lobe

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32
Q

function of hypothalamus

A

recieves and integrates info from ANS and assists in regulating hormones involved in THIRST, temp, hunger, sex and sleep

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33
Q

coordination of patterned movement (alternating) is due to what part of brain

A

cerebellum

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34
Q

damage to R side of CEREBELLUM would cause symtpoms on what side of body

A

cerbellum is ipsi so R side

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35
Q

ataxia, hypometria or hypermetria, poor coordination, poor posture these are all deficits of damage to the

A

cerebellum

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36
Q

main function of brainstem

A

primitive functions (breathing and HR regulation)

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37
Q

what arteries take blood to brain (2 main AA that end up forming branch of willis)

A

internal carotid (from common carotid) take blood to brain from ant part of body

vertebral AA take blood from post part of body to brain

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38
Q

common carotid -> internal carotid-> ____

A

MCA

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39
Q

essentiall, the vertebral arteries feed what main arteries in brain

A

PCA

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40
Q

essentially, the ICA feed what main arteries in brain

A

MCA, ACA

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41
Q

infarct of the ACA would result in what

A

contralateral LE motor and sensory issues
loss of behavior control
mental changes
apraxia

42
Q

infarct of the MCA would result in what presentation

A

more UE involvement
speech/language issues (also with interpretation)
Wernickes aphasia
homonomous heminopsia

43
Q

infarct of PCA results in what presentation

A 
contra pain and temp issues
thalmic pain syndrome
homonymous hemianopsia
memory issues
cortical blindness
44
Q

3 meningies

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

45
Q

what is Brudzinskis sign and Kernigs sign

A

Brudzinski - flexion of neck flexes LE
Kernig- pain with hip flexion

indicative of meningitis

46
Q

purpose of ventricular system in brain

A

protect and nourish brain with fluid

47
Q

hydrocephalus is an increase in CSF within the ____

A

ventricles

48
Q

every spinal nerve has what 2 main structures

A

a dorsal root (sensory afferent)

a venral root (motor efferent)

49
Q

afferent vs efferent

A

afferent - towards

efferent-away

50
Q

dorsal column tract is what kind and what is it responsible for

A

afferent

sensory for upper body (vibration and 2 pt discrimination)

51
Q

spinocerebellar tract is what kind and responsible for what

A

sensory afferent

subconscious proprioception, muscle tension, posture, LE

52
Q

spinoreticular tract is what kind and is resposible for what

A

afferent

levels of consciousness

53
Q

spinothalmic tract is what kind and is responsible for what

A

sensory afferent
light touch and pressure
pain and temp

54
Q

list the afferent tracts

A

dorsal column, spinocerebellar, spinoreticular, spinothalmic

55
Q

sensory comes in the ____ and motor goes out the___

A

sensory comes in the back motor goes out the front

56
Q

list the efferent motor tracs

A

corticospinal, reticulospinal, rubrospinal, vestibulospinal

57
Q

so if the tract says spinal it’s a ___ tract

A

spinal is motor (Al’s motors)

spino is sensory

58
Q

corticospinAL tract is what kind and is responsible for what

A

Al = motor
voluntary movments, skilled movements
ant corticospinal-ipsi
post is contra

59
Q

damage to corticospinal tracts can result in what common neuro test being pos

A

babinskis

60
Q

reticulospinAL

A

al-motor

facilitation of voluntary movement

61
Q

what is brown sequard syndrome

A

hemisection or incomplete lesion of the spinal cord, usually by a stabbing, IPSILATERAL symptoms

62
Q

sensory nerves of PNS originate where

A

dorsal root ganglion

63
Q

motor nerves of PNS originate where

A

anterior horn (shorter)

64
Q

what is a dendrite

A

an extension of the cell body that recieves signals

65
Q

nerve receptors that respond to changes in lengt in muscle

A

muscle spindle

66
Q

nerve receptors that respond to change in tension or stretch

A

golgi tendon

67
Q

brief gaps in myelination of the axon to facilitate rapid conduction of impulses (jumps)

A

nodes of ranvier

68
Q

how to test CN 3

A

have them look up, down and in

69
Q

how to test CN 4

A

down and inward gaze of eye (trochlear nerve has to do with motor to eye)

70
Q

abducens nerve does what

A

voluntary motor to eye lateral gaze

71
Q

CN involved in eye MOVEMENT

A

3, 4, 6

72
Q

which CN is tested by having the pt open and say “ahh”

A

vagus

73
Q

how to test CN 11

A

accessory - resist a shoulder shrug (this plays a part with voluntary motor to SCM and traps)

74
Q

which CN is tested by having pt stick tounge out

A

hypoglossal (tounge should protrude symetrcially and not drift to one side)

75
Q

dorsal scapular nerve innervates

A

rhomboids levator scap

76
Q

what is the difference btwn a superficial reflex and deep tendon reflex

A

superficial is like a brush of the skin, it has to travel to the brain and back, deep tendon (like using reflex hammer) travels through the arc, they are more primative

77
Q

what are the grades of deep tendon reflex grading

A 
0  nothing
1+ diminished
2+ normal
3+ brisk or slightly exagerated
4+ hypertonic
78
Q

spinal level of achilles tendon reflex

A

S1-S2

79
Q

If pt has a deficit with a deep tendon reflex and has paralysis or atrophy of muscle, where is the lesion located

A

anterior horn of spinal cord (efferent arc)

80
Q

if pt has a deficit with a tendon reflex and exhibits sensory symptoms but not paralysis or motor output (atrophy) where is the lesion

A

afferent part of arc, dorsal horn

81
Q

3 main categories of sensory testing

A

superficial - light touch
deep- pressure and vibration
cortical- 2 pt discrimiation

82
Q

what is barognosis

A

trying to assess wt of objects and compare in your hand

83
Q

writing a number or drawing on the skin and having the pt guess it is called

A

graphesthesia

84
Q

what is kinesthesia

A

identifying direction and extent of motion of a body part

85
Q

what is it called when you can touch and object and identify it without looking at it

A

stereogenesis

86
Q

what is allodynia

A

sensation of pain as an abnormal response

87
Q

anesthesia is what

A

absence of touch sensation

88
Q

dyesthesia is what

A

distortion of sensation

89
Q

hyperpathia is what

A

extreme exaggerated response of pain

90
Q

shock like pains that radiate is known as

A

neuralgia

91
Q

what is Wallerian degeneration

A

distal degeneration from the axon

92
Q

mildest form of acute peripheral nerve injury. usually from a crushing injury, minimal symptoms, recovery is good

A

neurapraxia

93
Q

3 classifications of acute periperial nerve injuries

A

neurapraxia
axonotmesis
neruotmesis

94
Q

classification of acute peripheral nerve injury where there is some damage to the axons, usually caused by traction or compression injuries, distal wallerian issues can occur, this is the moderate level

A

axonotmesis

95
Q

what is causalgia

A

constant burning after a PN injury

96
Q

an extreme response to pain

A

hyperpathia

97
Q

existance of 2 separate lesions along the same nerve that create more intense symptoms

A

double crush syndrome ( a PN lesion)

98
Q

an isolated PN lesion

A

mono neuropathy

99
Q

most severe grade of a PN injury/lesion

A

neurotmesis

100
Q

explain neurotmesis

A

axon, myelin, everything is damaged and it is irreversible. flaccid paralysis with wasting.

boards random (3 decks)

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