Autonomic Nervous System 1 (session 8)

Question 1

True or false: ANS controls voluntary functions

Answer 1

FALSE - controls involuntary functions

Question 2

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

Answer 2

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Question 3

What are the five anatomical divisions of the brain stem and spinal cord?

Answer 3

Medullary
Cranial
Thoracic 
Lumber
Sacral

Question 4

What does the vagus nerve supply?

Answer 4

Heart, lungs and upper digestive tract

Question 5

Where do the parasympathetic nerves originate?

Answer 5

Lateral horn of the medulla

Question 6

Where do the sympathetic nerves originate?

Answer 6

Lateral horn of the lumbar and thoracic spinal cord

Question 7

Which has long myelinated preganglionic fibres, parasympathetic or sympathetic nerves?

Answer 7

Parasympathetic

Question 8

Which has long unmyelinated postganglionic fibres, sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves?

Answer 8

Sympathetic

Question 9

True or false: the ganglia of the parasympathetic nerves are located within the innervated tissues

Answer 9

TRUE

Question 10

What are the two principal neurotransmitters in the ANS?

Answer 10

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Noradrenaline (NA)

Question 11

True or false: all pre-ganglionic neurones are cholinergic

Answer 11

TRUE (use ACh as their neurotransmitter)

Question 12

Complete the sentence:

Parasympathetic and sympathetic pre-ganglionic release of ACh results in the activation of post-ganglionic __________ ACh receptors

Answer 12

Nicotinic

Question 13

What are nicotinic ACh receptors?

Answer 13

Ligand-gated ion channels

Question 14

True or false: parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurones are also cholinergic

Answer 14

TRUE

Question 15

Complete the sentence:

Parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurones release ACh which acts on ____________ ACh receptors in the _________ tissue

Answer 15

Muscarinic

Effector

Question 16

What are muscarinic ACh receptors?

Answer 16

GPCRs (M1-M5)

Question 17

Complete the sentence:

Most sympathetic post-ganglionic neurones are _____________ and use _______________ as the principal neurotransmitter

Answer 17

Noradrenergic

Noradrenaline

Question 18

Which two major classes of adrenoceptors can NA interact with?

Answer 18

Alpha (1 and 2)

Beta (1, 2 and 3)

Question 19

True or false: all muscarinic ACh receptors and adrenoceptors are GPCRs

Answer 19

TRUE

Question 20

Which sympathetic post-ganglionic neurones are cholinergic, not adrenergic?

Answer 20

Specialised neurones such as those innervating sweat glands, hair follicles

Question 21

What are NANC transmitters?

Answer 21

Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic transmitters

Question 22

True or false: NANC transmitters can be co-released with NA only

Answer 22

FALSE - with ACh also

Question 23

Give examples of NANC transmitters (4)

Answer 23

ATP
Nitric oxide (NO)
5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT)
Neuropeptides (eg VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide), substance P)

Question 24

How are sympathetic postganglionic neurones in the adrenal glands different?

Answer 24

They differentiate to form neurosecretory chromaffin cells (release adrenaline into the bloodstream)

Question 25

What does the parasympathetic release of ACh cause in the heart and which muscarinic receptor is stimulated?

Answer 25

Bradycardia (slow heart action)
Reduced cardiac conduction velocity
M2 MAChR

Question 26

What does the parasympathetic release of ACh cause in smooth muscle in the lungs and which MAChR is stimulated?

Answer 26

Bronchial contraction

M3

Question 27

What does the sympathetic release of noradrenaline cause in the heart and which adrenoceptor is stimulated?

Answer 27

Tachycardia
Positive inotropy
Beta-1

Question 28

What is the umbrella term for malfunctions of the ANS?

Answer 28

Dysautonomia