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YEAR 11 - BIOLOGY > Breathing and Circulation > Flashcards

Breathing and Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Why do you breathe more quickly when doing exercise?

A

To meet the demand for more extra oxygen, and for more carbon dioxide to be removed

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2
Q

What happens to the glycogen when you are undergoing exercise

A

Glycogen is converted back to glucose

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3
Q

When is anaerobic respiration used?

A

When there is not enough oxygen

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4
Q

State the equation for anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose -> Lactic acid + energy

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5
Q

What are the disadvantages for anaerobic respiration?

A

Produces lactic acid - painful, doesn’t release as much energy as aerobic respiration

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6
Q

What is the advantage for aerobic respiration?

A

You can work your muscles for longer

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7
Q

How does your body repay the oxygen debt made from anaerobic respiration?

A

Breathing heavily for longer, thirst for water

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8
Q

How does your body remove the lactic acid produced from anaerobic respiration?

A

Blood oxidises the lactic acid which turns into CO2 and water.

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9
Q

Where are the lungs located?

A

In the thorax

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10
Q

Which part of the body is the thorax?

A

The top part (separated from the lower part by abs)

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11
Q

Describe the path air takes when entering your body

A

Trachea -> Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Alveoli

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12
Q

How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

A

Very good blood supply, moist lining, large blood supply, large SA

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13
Q

Describe what happens to your body when you breathe in

A

Intercostal muscles contract pulling rib cage up
Diaphragm contracts flattening out
Thorax volume increases
Pressure decreases (Now lower than pressure outside which draws air in)

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14
Q

Describe what happens to your body when you breathe out

A

Intercostal muscles relax which moves ribcage down
Diaphragm relaxes and becomes domed again
Thorax volume decreases
Pressure increases which makes air leave the lungs

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of ventilator?

A

Positive and negative pressure ventilators

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16
Q

How does a negative pressure ventilator work?

A

Air is pumped out of the case which lowers the pressure around the chest
Lungs expand which draws air into them
Air is then pumped into the case producing the opposite effect - air leaves the lungs

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17
Q

How does a positive pressure ventilator work?

A

Air is pumped into the lungs which expands the ribcage

When air stops pumping the ribcage relaxes which pushes air out of the lungs

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18
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process of releasing energy from the breakdown of glucose

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19
Q

Where does respiration go in your body?

A

Into every cell

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20
Q

Where do most of the reactions for anaerobic respiration occur in your body?

A

In the mitochondria

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21
Q

State the symbol and word equation for anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2) → 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O + Energy
(numbers in brackets are indices below the line)

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22
Q

Name examples where you can use the energy released by respiration

A

Build up larger molecules from smaller ones
Allow muscles to contract
Keep body temperature constant
Build sugars, nitrates and other nutrients into amino acids

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23
Q

What is the circulatory system made of?

A

Heart, blood vessels, blood

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24
Q

What does the first circulatory system do?

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen. The blood then returns to the heart

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25
Q

What does the seconds circulatory system do?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood to all organs. The deoxygenated blood then returns to the heart to be pumped to the lungs again

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26
Q

What are the walls of the heart made of?

A

Muscle tissue

27
Q

Why does the heart have valves?

A

To prevent backflow

28
Q

Describe the flow of blood in the 4 chambers

A

Into 2 atria from vena cava and pulmonary vein
Atria contract pushing blood into ventricles
Ventricles contract -> pulmonary artery and aorta
Flows through organs + arteries -> Returns via veins
Repeat about 100,000 times a day

29
Q

Where are the pacemaker cells located in the heart?

A

Right atrium

30
Q

What do the pacemaker cells do in the heart?

A

Produce a small electric impulse causing the muscle cells to contract

31
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessel?

A

Artery, vein, capillaries

32
Q

Where do arteries carry the blood?

A

Away from the heart

33
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Involved in the exchange of materials in the organs and tissues

34
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Carry blood back to the heart

35
Q

How are arteries adapted to carry blood at high pressure?

A

Thick (compared to lumen)

Elastic (Layers of muscle with elastic fibres)

36
Q

When do arteries branch into capillaries?

A

In organs and muscles

37
Q

How are capillaries adapted to exchange materials?

A

Thin, permeable cell wall -> high diffusion rate
Carry blood close to every cell involved with exchange
Supply food and oxygen and takes away CO2
Small diffusion distance -> High rate of diffusion

38
Q

How are veins adapted to carry blood back to the heart?

A

Blood flows at a low pressure (Thin walls)
Bigger lumen to help blood flow
Have valves to prevent backflow

39
Q

How are RBCs adapted to carry oxygen?

A

High SA
No nucleus
Packed with haemoglobin

40
Q

What happens in the lungs with oxygen and haemoglobin?

A

Oxygen diffues from the alveoli into the blood

Haemoglobin in RBCs combine with oxygen -> Oxyhaemoglobin

41
Q

What happens in the body tissues with oxygen and haemoglobin?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin splits up into oxygen and haemoglobin. The oxygen releases diffuses into the cells

42
Q

How can WBCs defend against disease

A

Engulf pathogens
Produce antibodies to fight microorganisms
Produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins released
Have a nucleus

43
Q

How do platelets help blood clot?

A

Fibrinogen changes into fibrin. These insoluble fibres tangle together to form a mesh trapping RBCs and platelets

44
Q

What does a plasma carry and name some examples

A

Everything -> RBC, WBC, Platelets, Glucose, Amino acids, CO2, Urea, Hormones, Antibodies, Antitoxins

45
Q

What are antigens?

A

Proteins on the surface of cells

46
Q

What happens when an antibody meets an a cell with the same antigen? e.g Antibody X meets and X antigen

A

Blood clots - Agglutination

47
Q

Is agglutination good or bad?

A

Very bad

48
Q

Describe what antigens, antibodies, who can give blood, who can get blood for blood group A

A

Antigen: A
Antibodies: anti-B
Can give blood to: A, AB
Can get blood from: A, O

49
Q

Describe what antigens, antibodies, who can give blood, who can get blood for blood group B

A

Antigen: B
Antibodies: anti-A
Can give blood to: B, AB
Can get blood from: B, O

50
Q

Describe what antigens, antibodies, who can give blood, who can get blood for blood group AB

A

Antigen: A, B
Antibodies: None
Can give blood to: AB
Can get blood from: A,B,O

51
Q

Describe what antigens, antibodies, who can give blood, who can get blood for blood group O

A

Antigen: None
Antibodies: Anti-A, Anti-B
Can give blood to A,B,O
Can get blood from: O

52
Q

When could an organ be rejected in a transplant?

A

When the antigens are attacked by a patients immune system as the antigens are recognised as being foreign on the organ

53
Q

What precautions are taken to avoid organ rejection?

A

The donor’s tissue type is very similar (Similar antigens)

The patients immune system is suppressed

54
Q

What are the main advantages of an artificial heart?

A

No chance of rejection as it’s metal and plastic
No waiting list
Keeps patient alive until new heart is found

55
Q

What are the main disadvantages of an artificial heart?

A

Chance of bleeding and infection when fitted
Not as good as natural hearts -> Parts could fail
Patient has to take drugs to thin blood -> Excess bleeding if in a bad accident

56
Q

What are the types of artificial valves?

A

Biological and mechanical

57
Q

What can happen to damaged valves in the heart?

A

The valve tissue stiffens - Won’t open properly

Valve becomes leaky - Blood flows both ways -> Dangerous and inefficient

58
Q

What are biological valves?

A

Valves taken from other mammals e.g Cows

59
Q

What are mechanical valves?

A

Valves made by man

60
Q

What do stents do?

A

Keep arteries open

61
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

When the coronary arteries get blocked by fatty deposits. This narrows the arteries which restricts blood flow and this can cause a heart attack

62
Q

What do stents do inside a blocked artery?

A

Pushes the artery wall out squishing fatty deposits

63
Q

What are the advantages of stents?

A

Keep person alive, lowers risk of heart disease

64
Q

What are the disadvantages of stents?

A

Over time, arteries narrow as stents can irritate the artery and make scar tissue grow
Drugs are also needed to stop blood clotting

YEAR 11 - BIOLOGY (10 decks)

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