Cardio II

Question 1

Aneurysms

Answer 1

localized dilations due to weaknesses in vessel wall

as radius of dilation increases, wall tension and the chance of rupture increases

Question 2

Aneurysm causes:

Answer 2

congenital defects, trauma, infections, or atherosclerosis

Question 3

Berry aneurysm

Answer 3

spherical dilation of a vessel at a bifurcation

Question 4

Fusiform aneurysm

Answer 4

involves entire circumference of a vessel

Question 5

Saccular aneurysm

Answer 5

extends over part of the circumference of a vessel

Question 6

Varicose veins

Answer 6

permanent dilation and tortuosity of veins, most commonly seen in the legs, usually a result of valve insufficiency

Question 7

Venous thrombosis

Answer 7

thrombus (clot) in a vein

DVT occurs in the lower extremities- can lead to pulmonary embolism

Question 8

DVT

Answer 8

DVT occurs in the lower extremities- can lead to pulmonary embolism

most common sites are soleus sinuses, posterior tibial veins, and peroneal veins

manifestations: calf pain and tenderness

Question 9

DVT treatment

Answer 9

prevention- exercise, support stocking, compression devices, prophylactic anti-coagulants (heparin, warfarin)

thrombolytic therapy- streptokinase, urokinase, tissue plasminogen activator

surgical removal of thrombus- filters to prevent emboli

Question 10

Blood pressure

Answer 10

BP= CO x peripheral resistance

Question 11

Systolic BP

Answer 11

depends on amount and rate of blood ejected into the aorta and on aortic compliance

aorta becomes less elastic in older individuals and systolic BP increases

Question 12

Diastolic BP

Answer 12

depends on elasticity of aorta, competency of aortic valve, and peripheral resistance

resistance increases in response to atherosclerosis or vasoconstriction

Question 13

Pulse pressure (PP)

Answer 13

difference between systolic and diastolic

Question 14

Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP)

Answer 14

average BP in the systemic circulation and indicator of tissue perfusion

MAP= diastolic + 1/3 pulse pressure

Question 15

Regulation of BP: neural mechanisms

Answer 15

cardiovascular center in medulla- primarily responsive to baroreceptors in the aorta and carotid arch

Question 16

Regulation of BP: neural mechanisms (parasympathetic)

Answer 16

parasympathetic outflow via vagus nerve (slowing the heart)

Question 17

Regulation of BP: neural mechanisms (sympathetic)

Answer 17

sympathetic outflow via spinal sympathetic nerves

–increases rate and force of cardiac contraction and causes peripheral vasoconstriction)

Question 18

Regulaton of BP:
Humoral mechanisms (Renin-Angiotensin system)

Answer 18

renin released in response to low BP or increased sympathetic activity increases angiotensin II (AII)

AII increases aldosterone (salt and water retention) and vasoconstriction

Question 19

Regulation of BP: humoral mechanisms (Vasopressin)

Answer 19

vasopressin (anti diuretic hormone)

increases BP by increasing water reabsorption in the kidney

Question 20

Hypertension: major risk factor for..

Answer 20

atherosclerosis

left ventricular hypertrophy

strokes and TIAs

nephropathies

Question 21

Orthostatic hypotension

Answer 21

abnormal drop in blood pressure on assumption of a standing position

baroreceptors sense decreased pressure and initiate reflex constriction of the vein and arterioles and an increase in HR