Chapter 27. The Integration of Metabolism

Question 1

A signal molecule produced by the adipocytes with the key function of increasing the sensitivity of the organism to insulin. The secretion of this molecule falls in direct proportion to increases in fat mass.

Answer 1

adiponectin

Question 2

maintenance of a constant body weight by a complex network of hormonal interactions.

Answer 2

Caloric homeostasis (energy homeostasis)

Question 3

A family of peptide hormones of various lengths secreted into the blood by cells in the duodenum and jejunum regions of the small intestine as a postprandial satiation signal.

Answer 3

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 4

A polypeptide hormone secreted by the á cells of the pancreas, that stimulates fuel storage and protein synthesis.

Answer 4

Insulin

Question 5

A condition marked by a normal or elevated levels of blood insulin, but cells are nonetheless unresponsive to the hormone.

Answer 5

Insulin resistance

Question 6

a polypeptide hormone, secreted by the adipocytes in direct portion to fat mass, that generates satiation signals.

Answer 6

Leptin

Question 7

maintenance of a constant level of glucose in the blood.

Answer 7

Glucose homeostasis

Question 8

An extensive system of cytoplasmic membranes that comprises about half the total cell membrane. The region of the ER that binds ribosomes is called the rough ER, and the region that is devoid of ribosomes is called the smooth ER.

Answer 8

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress

Question 9

A hormone of approximately 30 amino acids in length secreted by intestinal L cells that induces feelings of satiety that inhibit further eating. GLP-1 also potentiates glucose-induced insulin secretion by the β cells of the pancreas.

Answer 9

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)

Question 10

The most common metabolic disease in the world, which is characterized by insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes typically arises later in life than type 1 diabetes and its appearance is correlated with obesity.

Answer 10

Type 2 diabetes

Question 11

Diabetes that results from the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-secreting β cells in the pancreas and usually begins before age 20. Type 1 diabetes is also referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes, meaning that the affected person requires the administration of insulin to live.

Answer 11

Type 1 diabetes

Question 12

The failure to respond to the anorexigenic effects of leptin.

Answer 12

Leptin resistance

Question 13

A cluster of pathologies�including insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia (high blood levels of triacylglycerols, cholesterol, and low-density lipoproteins)�thought to be a predecessor to type 2 diabetes.

Answer 13

Metabolic syndrome

Question 14

in animals, the biochemical changes that occur during the postabsorptive state, a prolonged fast and a refed state, such as would occur between and evening meal and breakfast.

Answer 14

Starved-fed cycle

Question 15

A signal pathway triggered by ER stress that consists of several steps. First, general protein synthesis is inhibited so as to prevent more proteins from entering the ER. Second, chaperone synthesis is stimulated. Third, misfolded proteins are removed from the ER and are subsequently delivered to the proteasome for destruction. Finally, if the described response fails to alleviate the ER stress, apoptosis is triggered, which ultimately leads to cell.

Answer 15

Unfolded protein response (UPR)