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A Level History > BRITAIN Breadth 2 PART 1 > Flashcards

BRITAIN Breadth 2 PART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

When did the Whigs unite with the Liberals and the Peelites to form the Liberal Party?

A

1859

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2
Q

Who was responsible for the creation of a basic welfare state?

A

Liberals in the years before 1914

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3
Q

When did Lloyd George resign as PM?

A

1922

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4
Q

When was the Labour Party created?

A

1906

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5
Q

When did Labour become the second biggest party in government?

A

1922

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6
Q

When did George III come to the throne?

A

1760

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7
Q

How did George III’s ascension affect politics?

A

He upset established conventions because he was keen to play an active role in government

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8
Q

When was Pitt’s first government?

A

1783-94

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9
Q

How many MPs were in Grey’s ministry in 1830?

A

3

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10
Q

What was the composition of Pitt’s first cabinet?

A

3 members of HoC; 3 members of HoL

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11
Q

In the 1780s, who were the most influential opposition group in the HoC?

A

Rockingham Whigs

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12
Q

Who led the Rockingham Whigs?

A

Edmund Burke

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13
Q

When did Burke present a reform plan to the HoC?

A

1780

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14
Q

What did Burke attack in his reform plan?

A

High expenditure that went on maintaining the royal court

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15
Q

What contributed to the collapse of the Yorkshire Association and other similar bodies?

A

Fall of North’s government in 1782; end of American war in 1783

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16
Q

What was Pitt’s main aim as PM?

A

To bring the national finances under control

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17
Q

When did Pitt die?

A

1806

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18
Q

What contributed after 1910 to the declining influence of the the Crown over the HoC?

A

Fading mental powers of George III

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19
Q

What legislation was especially important in reducing the influence of successive monarchs over parliament?

A

Reform Act 1832

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20
Q

Who won the general election of 1832?

A

Whigs and their allies

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21
Q

Why did William IV dismiss Lord Melbourne as PM?

A

He was worried about the Whigs’ proposals for reforms to the Irish church

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22
Q

When did William IV dismiss Lord Melbourne as PM?

A

1834

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23
Q

Who did William IV invite to form a government in Lord Melbourne’s place?

A

Peel

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24
Q

When did Lord Melbourne return to office?

A

1835

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25
Q

Why did Lord Melbourne return to office?

A

Peel’s Conservatives only had 175 seats and asked for immediate dissolution of Parliament; in the Jan 1835 election they only added 100 seats

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26
Q

When did Victoria come to the throne?

A

1837

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27
Q

Whose advice did Victoria rely heavily on?

A

Whig PM Lord Melbourne

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28
Q

When did Lord Melbourne resign, following a defeat in the HoC?

A

1839

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29
Q

Who did Victoria invite to form a government after Lord Melbourne resigned?

A

Peel

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30
Q

When was the only time that Victoria acted against the wishes of her PMs?

A

Bedchamber Crisis

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31
Q

Bedchamber Crisis

A

Customary for incoming PM to appoint his allies to posts within royal household; Victoria refused to change her ladies; Peel refused to become PM under such restrictions and Lord Melbourne returned to office

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32
Q

When was the Bedchamber Crisis?

A

1839

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33
Q

What happened as soon as George V succeeded to the throne?

A

Immediately involved in a major constitutional crisis over the HoL

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34
Q

When was a bill to grant Home Rule for Ireland passed through both the HoC and the HoL?

A

1914

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35
Q

Who briefly considered applying a royal veto to the measures for Irish Home Rule?

A

George V

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36
Q

When was George V widely praised for his tactful and helpful attitude?

A

His appointment of Ramsay MacDonald

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37
Q

How did the Reform Act 1832 work in the favour of the aristocracy in some ways?

A

Increased number of seats in counties; enfranchised tenants of agricultural land

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38
Q

How many seats are estimated to have remained under direct aristocratic control after the Reform act 1832?

A

60

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39
Q

How many MPs elected in 1841 came from the middle classes?

A

1/5

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40
Q

How many MPs elected in 1841 were related to peers/country gentry?

A

70%

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41
Q

What was a significant factor in reducing aristocratic influence in the HoC?

A

Creation of the single-member constituency in 1885

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42
Q

From when was there a gradual decline in the wealth of the nobility and gentry alike?

A

1880

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43
Q

What did the last 20 years of the 19th century see?

A

Fall in agricultural prices, as farmers struggled to compete with imports of cheap American corn

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44
Q

What also hit landed interest pretty hard?

A

Introduction of death duties in 1894

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45
Q

How many MPs elected in 1906 came from aristocratic/gentry families?

A

10%

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46
Q

When had aristocratic influence over elections and the HoC all but disappeared?

A

1928

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47
Q

When was Baldwin in power?

A

1924

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48
Q

Who made up Lord Salisbury’s cabinet?

A

10 peers and 9 MPs

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49
Q

How did membership of the HoL grow between 1780-1910?

A

350 to 623

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50
Q

How many bishops made up the HoL?

A

26

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51
Q

When did the HoL challenge the HoC’s supremacy over financial affairs?

A

1909

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52
Q

When did Liberal defeat usher in a decade of Conservative rule?

A

1895

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53
Q

What were the HoL especially opposed to?

A

Gladstone’s long campaign to grant Home Rule in Ireland

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54
Q

What was the Liberal majority in the 1906 election?

A

125 over all parties

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55
Q

When did the HoL mount a campaign aimed at wrecking social reform legislation?

A

1906-08

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56
Q

What brought the conflict between the HoL and the HoC to a head?

A

Lloyd George and the 1909 Budget

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57
Q

What position did Lloyd George hold from 1908?

A

Chancellor of the Exchequer

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58
Q

When were pensions introduced?

A

1908

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59
Q

Which measures of the 1909 Budget did the HoL view as a class-based assault on the landed aristocracy?

A

A tax on the unearned increase in land values; a further tax on undeveloped land; a super tax on incomes above £8,000 a year

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60
Q

How did the HoL react to the 1909 Budget?

A

Rejected it by 350 votes to 75

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61
Q

What did the HoC decide 2 days after the HoL rejected the 1909 Budget?

A

Their action breached the constitution

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62
Q

As a result of the 1909 Budget, when was an election called?

A

January 1910

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63
Q

What did the January 1910 election result in?

A

A virtual stalemate

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64
Q

How did the Liberals remain in office after the January 1910 election?

A

Depended on the support of 71 Irish MPs and 41 seats won by the Labour Party

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65
Q

When was the Parliament Bill announced into the HoC?

A

April 1910

66
Q

When did King Edward VII die suddenly?

A

6 May 1910

67
Q

Who asked for a second election in 1910?

A

Asquith

68
Q

What did Asquith also ask for from George V?

A

The king to agree to the creation of sufficient liberal peers to ensure the passage of the Parliament Bill

69
Q

What results did the December 1910 election produce?

A

An almost identical outcome

70
Q

When did the Parliament Bill pass?

A

August 1911

71
Q

What did the Parliament Bill pass by?

A

131 votes to 114

72
Q

Parliament Act 1911

A

HoL could not reject or amend any money bill; life of parliament reduced to 5 years

73
Q

When did Pitt fall from power?

A

1801

74
Q

What did the Whigs split over in the early 1790s?

A

French Revolution

75
Q

When was there a period of almost unbroken Tory rule?

A

1782-1830

76
Q

What are some of the hallmarks of the Tories’ political philosophy up until 1830?

A

Maintenance of law and order; defence of property; strong armed forces; moderate economic policies

77
Q

When did Tory government become more moderate?

A

1820s

78
Q

How did the Tory government become more moderate under Peel?

A

Relaxation on restrictions of trade union activities; reduction of number of crimes carrying death penalty; reform of appalling prison conditions

79
Q

What did their long period in opposition allow the Whigs to do?

A

Develop their ideology

80
Q

How were the Whigs able to return to power in 1830?

A

Took advantage of Tory divisions over religious issues by supporting both the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts in 1828 and the passing of the Catholic Emancipation Act in 1828

81
Q

Why did Peel know that he couldn’t give any support to parliamentary reform 1831-2?

A

He was attacked by many for abandoning his long-standing opposition to Catholic relief and knew that he couldn’t betray his party further

82
Q

When was the Tory party soundly defeated?

A

December 1832

83
Q

When did the Whig government pass a number of reforms designed to please the new middle-class electorate?

A

1833-34

84
Q

who succeeded Wellington as Tory leader?

A

Peel

85
Q

What did Peel realise needed to happen in order to strengthen the Tory party?

A

It had to be able to accommodate the changes made since 1828

86
Q

When did Peel work hard to reform the Tory party’s beliefs?

A

1832-41

87
Q

Tamworth Manifesto

A

Showed that Peel intended to return to the policies of mild reform that had characterised the Liberal Toryism of the 1820s

88
Q

When was the Tamworth Manifesto?

A

During the election campaign of 1834-35

89
Q

How did the Tories fare in the 1835 election?

A

They increased their representation to 279 seats

90
Q

When did the ‘Tories’ become the ‘Conservatives’?

A

1835

91
Q

Why did the ‘Tories’ become the ‘Conservatives’?

A

‘Conservative’ was a more subtle term, which was not associated with repression and hostility to reform

92
Q

When was the Lichfield House compact?

A

February 1835

93
Q

Lichfield House compact

A

Whigs reached an agreement with radical and Irish MPs, agreeing to work together to bring down Peel’s government

94
Q

What did the Whigs promise in return for the Irish MPs’ help with bringing down Peel’s government?

A

They would work to remedy a number of Irish problems

95
Q

When did the term ‘Liberal Party’ come into use?

A

1835

96
Q

When was the term ‘Liberal Party’ officially adopted?

A

1839

97
Q

When did the Lichfield House compact begin to fall apart?

A

Late 1830s

98
Q

What state were the Whigs in during the general election of 1841?

A

Disunited Whig coalition faced the electors

99
Q

Who was successful in the 1841 election?

A

Conservatives- majority of 76 seats overall

100
Q

When did the Conservatives split again?

A

1845, over issues connected with Ireland and Protestant ascendancy

101
Q

What did Peel’s party collapse over?

A

Repeal of the Corn Laws 1846

102
Q

When were the Corn Laws implemented?

A

1815

103
Q

Corn Laws

A

Limited importation of foreign corn in order to protect domestic farmers from competition

104
Q

Why were the Corn Laws repealed?

A

Irish famine 1845

105
Q

When did Peel’s government resign?

A

1846

106
Q

What did Peel and his supporters become in the 1850s?

A

Liberal Party

107
Q

When is modern Conservatism dated from?

A

1846

108
Q

After Peel’s Conservatives collapsed, when did the party next form a majority government?

A

1874 with Disraeli

109
Q

When was there a Whig-Peelite government?

A

1852-55

110
Q

When did the Whigs and their allies reunite to bring down the government?

A

1858

111
Q

When do most historians credit the creation of the Liberal Party to?

A

1859

112
Q

What encouraged the development of the Liberal Party in the 1860s?

A

Financial reforms carried out by Gladstone as Chancellor of the Exchequer

113
Q

When did Gladstone become leader of the Liberals and form his first government?

A

1868

114
Q

After the Repeal of the Corn Laws, what did many support a rebranding of the Conservatives as?

A

Protection Party- limited electoral appeal

115
Q

Why did Disraeli go to great lengths to secure the passage of the Second Reform Act?

A

Hoped to sponsor a major piece of legislation in order to show that the Conservatives could be taken seriously as a governing party

116
Q

Who won the 1868 election?

A

Gladstone’s Liberal Party, with a healthy majority of 116 seats

117
Q

When were many Liberals becoming disillusioned with Gladstone’s government?

A

1872

118
Q

What did Disraeli decide in 1872?

A

To appeal to working-class voters and thus create a truly national party

119
Q

Why were people becoming disillusioned with Gladstone’s government?

A

It was more concerned with institutional and political issues than social reforms; his insistence on tackling Irish problems didn’t appeal to voters in other parts of the UK

120
Q

When did Disraeli set out the principles of ‘Tory Democracy’?

A

His speech to NUCCA members in 1872

121
Q

NUCCA

A

National Union of Conservative and Constitutional Association

122
Q

Who won the election of 1874?

A

Conservatives- first majority for nearly 30 years

123
Q

When was Tory Democracy put into action?

A

1874-76

124
Q

How was Tory Democracy put into action?

A

Towns and cities were empowered to tackle issues such as slum clearance and public health

125
Q

What weakened Tory Democracy?

A

Many cities took on their new powers with enthusiasm, such as Birmingham, but others failed to do so

126
Q

When did Disraeli lose the election?

A

1880

127
Q

After Disraeli, when was there a period of almost unbroken Tory rule?

A

1885-1906

128
Q

When were Gladstone’s four ministries?

A

1868-74; 1880-85; 1886; 1892-94

129
Q

Education Act 1870

A

Allowed for schools to be established where provision by the CoE and voluntary associations was insufficient, leading to creation of board schools across country

130
Q

What was one feature of Gladstone’s Liberalism?

A

Investigation and rationalisation of the institutions of the country

131
Q

What effect did Gladstone’s Education Act 1870 have?

A

Almost universal literacy by the end of the century

132
Q

What was Gladstone a firm believer in?

A

Retrenchment; laissez-faire attitude

133
Q

When was the vote given to the Irish peasantry?

A

Third Reform Act 1884

134
Q

When did the Liberals and the Irish combine to force out Salisbury’s government?

A

1886

135
Q

When did Gladstone split his party?

A

His concern with Irish Home Rule split it in 1886

136
Q

Who led the Conservatives in the 20 years after Disraeli’s death?

A

Lord Salisbury

137
Q

How many elections did Salisbury win?

A

3

138
Q

What was Salisbury’s success due to?

A

Divisions among his Liberal opponents; preserved party’s unity

139
Q

Which single measure that Salisbury was responsible for did more than anything else to ensure Tory electoral dominance for the rest of the century?

A

Redistribution Act 1885

140
Q

Who withdrew from the Liberal Party in 1886?

A

Whigs, led by Hartington; radicals, led by Joseph Chamberlain

141
Q

Who did the Whigs and the radicals give their support to post-1886?

A

Salisbury’s Conservatives

142
Q

Who won the election in July 1886?

A

Ushered in a period of Conservative ascendancy that was to last almost unbroken for 20 years

143
Q

Who was Salisbury’s successor?

A

Arthur Balfour

144
Q

What did Chamberlain propose in 1903 that opened up deep divisions in the Conservative Party?

A

Introduction of protective tariffs

145
Q

How did the Tories fare in the 1906 election?

A

Reduced to 157 seats, their lowest total ever

146
Q

What reunited the Liberal Party?

A

1903 proposal for introduction of protective tariffs

147
Q

What terminally weakened the Liberal Party?

A

Crises of 1910-14; fight for the Parliament Act; threat of civil war in Ireland, actively encouraged by Conservatives; suffragette violence; militancy of trade unions; WW1

148
Q

When did Gladstone resign as party leader?

A

1894

149
Q

What threatened the already unstable Liberal Party post-Gladstone?

A

Second Boer War of 1899-1902

150
Q

Which Liberals supported the Conservatives’ conduct of the Second Boer War?

A

Asquith and Grey

151
Q

What challenged the Gladstonian beliefs of laissez-faire?

A

Boer War; investigations into poverty in Britain in early 1900s

152
Q

How many potential recruits for Boer War were rejected because of their poor physical condition?

A

1/3

153
Q

When were labour exchanges introduced?

A

1909

154
Q

National Insurance Act 1911

A

Applied only to a minority of workers but provided health and unemployment insurance to assist people through difficult times

155
Q

What are some of the reforms the Liberal gov introduced post-Boer War?

A

Free school meals; medical inspections; free scholarships; pensions

156
Q

How did WW1 weaken the Liberals?

A

Devastating effect on Liberal principles of peace, reform and retrenchment

157
Q

When did the Liberal Party split post-WW1?

A

1916

158
Q

Who became PM in 1916?

A

Lloyd George

159
Q

When did Asquith form a wartime coalition government with the Conservatives?

A

1915

160
Q

What intensified the 1916 Liberal split?

A

Post-war election of December 1918

161
Q

How many Labour members were elected in the 1918 election?

A

57

162
Q

When did Lloyd George’s coalition break up?

A

1922

A Level History (34 decks)

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