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Earth Science > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Atmosphere

A

Mixture of gases, droplets, and particles, surrounding the earth’s surface

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2
Q

Meteorology

A

The science that studies the atmosphere and the processes that cause weather

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3
Q

Which area of the United States is most prone to weather disasters/extreme events?

A

The south

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4
Q

Aristotle

A

Meteorologica

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5
Q

Empedocles

A

4 Basic elements

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6
Q

Rene Descartes

A

Scientific Method

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7
Q

Issac Newton

A

3 Laws of Motion

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8
Q

Evangelista Torricelli

A

Barometer

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9
Q

Gabriel Fahrenheit

A

Fahrenheit

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10
Q

Anders Celsius

A

Celsius

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11
Q

Scales of Motion

A

Know each scale name and associated times and areas

Pneumonic device: Global Syns Mesod Up my Microscope

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12
Q

Global

A
  • Covers a large portion of the globe

- Lasts several weeks or seasons

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13
Q

Synoptic

A
  • Covers 500 - a few thousand miles

- Lasts a few days to a week

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14
Q

Mesoscale

A
  • Covers 20-500 miles

- Lasts a few hours to days

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15
Q

Microscale

A
  • Covers several meters up to a couple blocks

- Lasts a few seconds to minutes

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16
Q 
Know the SI Units...
Length=
Mass=
Time=
Temperature=
A 
Length= meter (m)
Mass= kilogram (kg)
Time= second (s)
Temperature= kelvin (k)
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17
Q

4 Spheres of the earth

BLAH

A
  • Biosphere
  • Lithosphere
  • Atmosphere
  • Hydrosphere
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18
Q

Main Permanent Gases (identify type and order)

A

1) Nitrogen
2) Oxygen
3) Argon

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19
Q

Variable Gases (which of these are greenhouse gases)

A
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Methane
  • Nitrous oxide
  • Ozone
  • Particles
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20
Q

Air is ____

A

Compressible

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21
Q

With increasing height, air density ____ at a ____ rate

A

Decreases, decreasing

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22
Q

With increasing height, air pressure _____ at a ____

A

Decreases, decreasing

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23
Q

Layers of atmosphere based on temperature

A

1) Troposphere
2) Stratosphere
3) Mesosphere
4) Thermosphere

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24
Q

Know the transitions/pauses for the four layers based on atmosphere

A

I forget the names. Look them up

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25
Q

Know the order

A

Homosphere: Lowest 80km of atmosphere; lots of permanent gases
Heterosphere: High atmosphere
Gases are not well mixed

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26
Q

Which have temperature inversions?

A

Stratosphere

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27
Q

What is a temperature inversion?

A

The temperature increases with height

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28
Q

In which layer does the weather occur

A

The troposphere (ground-11km)

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29
Q

Which layer contains the ozone layer?

A

The stratosphere

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30
Q

Freezing and boiling for Fahrenheit

A

32, 212

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31
Q

Freezing and boiling for Celsius

A

0, 100

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32
Q

Freezing and boiling for

A

273, 373

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33
Q

Temperature Conversions yay

A

Celsius to Fahrenheit is (9/5 * C) + 32 = F

Fahrenheit to Celsius is (F – 32) * 5/9 = C

To get the Kelvin temperature, add 273.15 to the Celsius temperature

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34
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

Energy of motion

35
Q

Potential Energy

A

Stored energy

36
Q

Types of Heat

A

Sensible: Can be felt
Latent: Transferred during a change of state

37
Q

Sensible Heat

A
  • Can be felt

- Based on an object’s mass and specific heat

38
Q

How does an object’s specific heat affect the rate at which its’ temperature changes?

A

An higher specific heat requires more energy to produce a 1 C increase per unit mass

39
Q

Latent Heat

A
  • Transferred during a change of state

- No temperature change

40
Q

3 States of matter

A
  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
41
Q

Name the Processes for changing between the states of matter (and what they mean)

A 
Sublimation
Melting
Freezing
Evaporation
Condensation
Deposition
42
Q

Methods of energy transfer

A

Conduction
Convection
Radiation

43
Q

Conduction

A

Heat transferred by molecule to molecule contact

44
Q

Convection

A

Fluid rises/sinks based on density of surroundings

45
Q

Forced Convection

A

Mechanical turbulence. Fluid is forced is forced over or around a physical barrier

46
Q

Radiation

A

Energy and its’ method of transfer

47
Q

Shortwave Radiation (AKA solar isolation)

A

Ultraviolet, visible (VIBGYOR), infrared, know these in order of wavelength

48
Q

Longwave Radiation (AKA terrestrial radiation)

A

Infrared, comes from cooler objects (Wien’s Law)

49
Q

Radiation Laws

A

Wien’s Law and Stefan-Boltzman Law

50
Q

Wien’s Law

A

=k/t (where k is 2900mm and t is in kelvin)

51
Q

Stefan-Boltzman Law

A

=sigma*t^4 (t is kelvin and sigma is a constant)

52
Q

Atmospheric Window

A

Temperatures are generally colder on clear nights than cloudy ones

53
Q

Enhanced greenhouse effect

A

The addition of more greenhouse gases enhances the greenhouse effect and raises the earth’s temperature

54
Q

3 Things that happen to incoming solar radiation

A

Absorption
Scattering
Reflection

55
Q

Absorption

A

Can be absorbed by gases, clouds, and the ground

56
Q

Scattering

A

(causes the sky to be blue!!!)

57
Q

Reflection

A

Energy is reflected off a surface

58
Q

Albedo

A

Reflection

Percentage of solar radiation reflected off a surface

59
Q

Which types of surfaces have high albedo

A

Snow, thick clouds, water at a low sun angle

60
Q

Which types of surfaces have low albedo

A

Asphalt, forest, water at a high sun angle

61
Q

Energy Budget

A

Know that shit. Look that shit up on your worksheet:)

62
Q

Latitude and Longitude

A

(Lat, Long)

63
Q

Potential controls on the amount of energy reaching the earth’s surface

A

Solar constant
Earth-Sun Distance
Angle of receiving surface

64
Q

Solar Constant

A

1367 W/m^2

65
Q

Earth-Sun Distance

A

Factor in the amount of energy reaching the earth’s surface; aphelion and perihelion

66
Q

Aphelion

A

The point in orbit where the planet is farthest away from the sun

67
Q

When does the aphelion occur?

A

July 3rd

68
Q

Perihelion

A

The point in orbit where the planet is CLOSEST to the sun

69
Q

When does the perihelion occur

A

January 3rd

70
Q

Revolution vs. Rotation

A

The earth rotates, a revolution is 365 days. I think this is right…

71
Q

Angle of receiving surfacw

A

Affected by the time of day, latitude, and season

72
Q

Solar Declination

A

(sub solar point) latitude receiving suns’ direct rays

73
Q

Circle of Illumination

A

line that separates the Earth to create equal parts of day and night. It passes through the poles and allows the entire Earth to have an equal amount of time spent during the daylight and nighttime hours.

74
Q

Start dates of each season & associated solar declination

A

Know them

75
Q

Spring

March Equinox

A

Vernal equinox in Northern hemisphere
March 20th
Solar Declination 00oOO’N or 00o00’S; the equator

Minutes

76
Q

Summer

June Solstice

A

Summer solstice in Northern hemisphere
June 21
Solar declination=23o237’N; Tropic of Cancer

Minutes?

77
Q

Fall

September Equinox

A

Autumnal equinox in Northern hemisphere
September 22
Solar declination 00o00’N ‘ the equator

Minutes?

78
Q

Winter

December Solstice

A

Winter solstice in Northern hemisphere
December 21
Solar declination 23o27’S; Tropic of Capricorn

Minutes?

79
Q

Tropic of Cancer

A

Summer (June solstice)

80
Q

Tropic of Capricorn

A

Winter (December solstice)

81
Q

Where to look for the sun at noon (north or south)

A

north

82
Q

Official NWS measurements and why they are not meant to capture temperature variation on the ground

A

?

83
Q

What are isotherms

A

Lines of equal temperature

Earth Science (3 decks)

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