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Respiratory Physiology > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What cell do gametes begin as in men?

A
  • Spermatogonium
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2
Q

What cell do gametes begin as in women?

A
  • Oogonium
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3
Q

Are spermatogonium and oogonium haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid

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4
Q

What is the possible genotype of sperm produced through meiosis of a spermatogonium?

A
  • 22 + X - 22 + Y
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5
Q

What is the possible genotype of ova produced through meiosis of an oogonium?

A
  • 22 + X
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6
Q

What is meant by facilitation with reference to fertilisation?

A
  • Hundreds of sperm needed to reach the ovum for one to get through into it. Without the hundreds the one won’t get through
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7
Q

What is the only thing the sperm passes onto the egg?

A

Genetic material

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8
Q

What is the name of the diploid fertilised cell?

A

Zygote

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9
Q

What does the zygote do as it passes through the oviduct?

A
  • Divides to form a morula (a solid ball of cells)
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10
Q

What happens to the cells inside the morula as it’s size increases?

A

Increasingly more difficult to get nutrients to them

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11
Q

What develops in response to the middle cells “starving”?

A

Blastocystic cavity

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12
Q

What else forms around the blastocystic cavity and the mass of cells?

A

Trophoblast

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13
Q

When does the blastocyst reach the uterus?

A

Day 5

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14
Q

How does the blastocyst move through the oviduct?

A
  • Has ciliated mucousal epithelium in it - These have a ciliary beat that allows the blastocyst to be transported
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15
Q

What happens if the blastocyst doesn’t reach the uterus in time before implantation?

A
  • It will imbed in the oviduct - Ectopic pregnancy
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16
Q

Which parent is the genetics for the mitochondria and other organelles inherited?

A

The mother

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17
Q

What are examples of mitochondrial disease that come from inherited defective mitochondria?

A
  • Leber’s optical neuropathy
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18
Q

What happens at the beginning of week 2?

A
  • Blastocyst burrows into the endometrium
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19
Q

What part of the blastocyst do cells that form the embryo come from?

A

The inner cell mass

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20
Q

What happens to the trophoblast in week 2?

A
  • It divides into 2 layers of cells
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21
Q

What is the divided trophoblast known as?

A

Chorion

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22
Q

What does the chorion develop to stick to the endometrium

A

Finger like villi known as chorionic villi

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23
Q

What does the chorion eventually become a part of?

A

The placenta

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24
Q

What hormone does the chorion secrete?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadatrophin

25
Q

What clinical role can human chorionic gonadotrophin play?

A

Can be used to detect pregnancy

26
Q

What effect does human chorionic gonadotrophin have on the ovary?

A

Inhibits it from secreting a surge of lutenising hormone that causes the endometrium to be shed

27
Q

What is the endometrium now known as when the blastocyst has embedded into it?

A

Decidua

28
Q

What is the area where the blastocyst is embedded known as?

A

Decidua basalis

29
Q

How does the decidua basalis differ to the rest of the endometrium?

A

More vascular

30
Q

What happens to the inner cell mass during the second week?

A
  • Flattens - Forms two layers
31
Q

What are the two layers formed by the inner cell mass called?

A
  • Epiblast and hypoblast
32
Q

What is the cavity touching the epiblast called?

A

Amniotic cavity

33
Q

What is the cavity touching the hypoblast called?

A

Yolk sac

34
Q

Name the coloured areas

A
  • Yellow area = yolk sac
  • Blue cavity = amniotic cavity
  • Black outline = Chorion
  • Brown cavity = allantoic cavity
35
Q

What is the function of the allantoic cavity?

A

Waste cavity

36
Q

What is the function of the chorion at this point?

A

Seperate embryionic blood and maternal blood to stop rejection

37
Q

How is waste transferred out through the chorion?

A

Diffusion alone

38
Q

What is the function of the placenta?

A

Provides the foetus with nutrition and allows diffusion from the allantoic cavity

39
Q

How do non identical twins form?

A
  • Di zygotic
  • 2 ova released fertilised by a sperm each
40
Q

How do identical twins form?

A
  • Monozygotic
  • Zygote divides two form two zygotes that each develops into an embryo with the same genetic makeup
41
Q

What forms in week three?

A

The germ layers

42
Q

When looking down on the epiblast, a small trench forms down the middle, what is this called?

A

Primitive Streak

43
Q

What happens to the cells in the primitve streak?

A

They enter the space inbetween the hypoblast and the epiblast

44
Q

What effect do the epiblast cells have on the hypoblast cells in the primitive streak?

A

They displace the hypoblast cells and a trilaminar disc forms

45
Q

Which germ layer touches the amniotic cavity?

A

Ectoderm

46
Q

Which germ layer touches the yolk sac?

A

Endoderm

47
Q

What is the notochord?

A

A solid tube that sits in the mesoderm

48
Q

Where do the cells of the notochord come from and how do they get there?

A
  • Ectoderm
  • Travel through the mesoderm and form a rod of cells in between the mesoderm and the endoderm
49
Q

What does the notochord help form?

A

Neural tube

50
Q

How does the notochord form the neural tube?

A
  • Sends signals to ectoderm cells
  • Ectoderm thickens to form something called the neural plate
51
Q

What shape does the ectoderm take after the signals from the notochord?

A

A sine wave shape

52
Q

How does the sine wave shape of the ectoderm form the tube like structure of the neural tube?

A

The peaks of the sine wave move closer together until they touch

53
Q

What system is the neural tube the primitive structure of?

A

CNS

54
Q

How many parts does the mesoderm split into?

A

3 major parts

55
Q

What is the mesoderm part next to the neural tube (axis) known as?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

56
Q

What is the bit of the mesoderm beside the paraxial mesoderm called?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

57
Q

What is the most lateral part of the mesoderm called?

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

58
Q
A

Respiratory Physiology (16 decks)

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