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Biology > Module 4 - Keywords > Flashcards

Module 4 - Keywords Flashcards

1
Q

Disease

A

A departure from good health caused by a malfunction of the mind or body which causes physical, mental or social symptoms

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2
Q

Pathogens

A

Organisms that cause disease

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3
Q

Parasites

A

Organisms that live in or on another living thing (host), causing it harm

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4
Q

Transmission

A

The way in which a pathogen or parasite travels from one host to another

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5
Q

Immune response

A

The specific response to antigens on the cell surface membrane of a pathogen. It involves lymphocytes and the production of antibodies

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6
Q

Primary defences

A

Prevent pathogens from entering the body

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7
Q

Secondary defences

A

Attempt to kill pathogens after they have entered the body

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8
Q

Non specific

A

Digest a range of pathogens

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9
Q

Antigens

A

Protein/glycoprotein found on the cell surface membrane on cells. Foreign antigens stimulate an immune response

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10
Q

Antibodies

A

Proteins which identify and neutralise antigens. Each antibody is specific to a particular antigen due to the complementary shape of the antigen and the variable region of the antibody

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11
Q

Vaccination

A

A deliberate exposure to antigenic material which activates the immune system to make an immune response and provide immunity

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12
Q

Natural immunity

A

Gained in the normal course of living

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13
Q

Artificial immunity

A

Gained by an injection which is a deliberate exposure to antibodies or antigens

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14
Q

Passive immunity

A

Acquired without the activation of the lymphocytes - provided by antibodies that have not been made by the person’s own immune system

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15
Q

Active immunity

A

Acquired by the activation of the person’s own immune system

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16
Q

Biodiversity

A

The range of habitats, the number of different species and their relative abundance, and the genetic diversity within a species within an area. It takes into account species richness and species evenness

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17
Q

Habitat biodiversity

A

The range of habitats in which different species live

18
Q

Species biodiversity

A

The number of different species living in a habitat (species richness) and their relative abundance ( species evenness )

19
Q

Genetic biodiversity

A

Variation between individuals of the same species

20
Q

Species richness

A

The number of different species in a habitat

21
Q

Species evenness

A

Relative numbers of how many individuals in each species

22
Q

Locus

A

The position of the gene on the chromosome

23
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms similar in appearance, physiology and genetics whose members are able to interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

24
Q

Habitat

A

The place where an organism lives

25
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms similar in appearance, physiology + genetics whose members are able to interbreed to produce fertile offspring

26
Q

Extinct

A

No members of a species remain + it ceases to exist

27
Q

Critically endangered

A

Likely to become extinct as the species numbers have become low due to man made or natural changes in the environment

28
Q

Conservation

A

Maintaining biodiversity between species, genetic biodiversity within species + a variety of habitats + ecosystems

29
Q

In situ conservation

A

Conserving a species in its normal habitat. Attempting to minimise human impact on the natural environment + protecting the natural environment + maintain biodiversity

30
Q

Ex situ conservation

A

Conserving an endangered species by activities that take place outside its normal environment

31
Q

Simpson’s index of biodiversity (D)

A

A measure of biodiversity as it takes into account species richness and species evenness

32
Q

Classification

A

Process of sorting living things into groups of similar organisms. Reflects how closely related they are and evolutionary relationships

33
Q

Taxonomy

A

The study of the principles behind classification - the study of the differences between species (physical and genetic)

34
Q

Phylogeny

A

The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms, the study of how closely related they are

35
Q

Variation

A

Differences within a species or between different species

36
Q

Adaptation

A

A feature that enhances survival and long-term reproductive success

37
Q

Natural Selection

A

‘Selection’ by the environment of individuals that show certain favourable variations. These individuals will survive to reproduce and pass on their variations to the next generation

38
Q

Evolution

A

The gradual change in the characteristics of a species over many generations. Driven by selective pressure and natural selection

39
Q

Speciation

A

The formation of a new species from a pre-existing one

40
Q

Selective pressure

A

An external factor that drives evolution in a particular direction. It might cause competition between individuals or cause some organisms to die whilst others survive

Biology (20 decks)

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