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PPP Winter Midterm > TBL - Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

TBL - Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

What drug classes act on the brain?

A

Opioids
Antiseizure
Parkinson
Antidepressants

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2
Q

What drugs act on spinal cord?

A

Opioids

Drugs for neuropathic pain

Drugs to treat spasticity

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3
Q

What drugs act on afferent neurons to spinal cord?

A

Local anesthetics

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4
Q

What drugs act on efferent neurons from spinal cord?

A

ANS drug

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5
Q

List 4 major classes of CNS neurotransmitters and give specific examples

A

Monoamines
+ 5-HT
+ Catecholamines (NE, EPI, DA)

ACh

Amino acids
+ glutamate (excitatory)
+ GABA/glycine (inhibitory)

Peptides: Endogenous opioid peptides

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6
Q

Identify the two classes of neurotransmitter receptors and correlate the speed of excitation with their primary receptor class

A

Ligand-gated ion channel (LIC) = rapid signals

GPCRs = generate second messengers = slow modulation

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7
Q

Identify receptors bound to by monoamines

A

Dopamine = D (G)

NE/EPI = alpha1, alpha2, beta1-3 (G, G)

5-HT (1, 2, 4, 5, 6) = G
5-HT3 = LIC

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8
Q

What receptors does ACh bind to?

A

Muscarinic (G)

Nicotinic (LIC)

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9
Q

Identify amino acid neurotransmitters that bind to receptors

A

Glutamate
+ NMDA (LIC = Na, Ca)
+ AMPA (LIC = Na)

GABA
+GABA (A) = LIC (Cl)
+GABA (B) = G

Glycine = glycine receptor (LIC)

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10
Q

Identify peptide neurotransmitters and the receptors they bind to

A

Endorphins and enkephalins

Mu, kappa, delta = G

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11
Q

Describe noradrenergic pathways

A

Highly branched with a small # of cells of origin (locus ceruleus)

Widespread distribution

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12
Q

Describe serotonergic pathways

A

Highly branched with a small # of cells of origin (raphe nuclei)

Widespread distribution

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13
Q

Describe dopaminergic pathways

A

Small # of cells of origin

projections are more discrete and typographically organized/distributed

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14
Q

Name the four dopaminergic pathways and the corresponding CNS functions regulated by dopamine

A

Nigrostriatal
= movement, motor control

Mesolimbic
= emotion

Mesocortical
= cognition

Tuberoinfundibular
= dec. prolactin

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15
Q

Briefly describe the biogenic amine theory of depression and list 2 major neurotransmitters involved

A

Cause behind debilitating state of sadness/ inability to feel pleasure =

Dec. NE and Dec. 5-HT

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16
Q

What are examples of treatment available for depression?

A

SSRIs

SNRIs

MAOIs

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17
Q

Identify disorders associated with dopamine excess vs. deficiency

A

Parkinson’s = deficiency

Schizophrenia = excess

18
Q

Describe Parkinson’s disease

A

Movement disorder characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, stooped posture, tremor

19
Q

What is the cause of Parkinson’s?

What treatment is available?

A

Cause:
Loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra

Tx:
DA - precursor
DA agonist
anti-muscarinic

20
Q

Identify two diseases associated with acetylcholine excess vs. deficiency

A

Excess = Parkinson’s

Deficiency = ADHD

21
Q

What are features of schizophrenia that unaffected lack?

A

Delusions

Auditory hallucinations

DIsorganized speech

Disorganized behavior

22
Q

What are features schizophrenics lack?

A

Social withdrawal

Flattened effect: hard to read their emotions

No motivation

23
Q

What are causes for schizophrenia?

What Tx is available?

A

Cause:
Inc. DA in mesolimbic (for positive symptoms)

Tx:
DA antagonists (specifically helpful for positive symptoms)
24
Q

What Tx is available for seizures?

A

Inc. inhibition = GABA agonists

Dec. excitation = block glutamate release or block AMPA or Glutamate receptors

25
Q

What is the cause of ADHD?

A

Imbalance between NE and dopamine in prefrontal cortex = contributor

26
Q

What Tx is available for ADHD?

A

Inc. DA, Inc. NE
(Dopamine-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors)

Ritalin (methylphenidate)

Amphetamine

27
Q

What is the cause and Tx for AD?

A

Cause:
Loss of cholinergic neurons

Tx:
Cholinesterase inhibitors

28
Q

What are 3 types of pain classifications

A

Nocireceptive pain
(Heat, cold, cut)

Inflammatory pain

Neuropathic pain
(Injuries of nervous system)

29
Q

What are drugs that affect pain transmission?

A

NSAIDs

Local anesthetics

Opioids

Neuropathic pain drugs

30
Q

Where do local anesthetics work?

A

Block action potentials in axons in periphery and spinal cord

31
Q

Where do NSAIDs act?

A

Dec. PGs at free nerve endings, increasing the threshold of stimulus needed for free nerve endings

32
Q

Predict disease states for which the following neurotransmitter related drugs are used therapeutically:

Dopamine

A

Parkinson’s disease

Schizophrenia

33
Q

Predict disease states for which the following neurotransmitter related drugs are used therapeutically

Norepinephrine

A

Depression

34
Q

Predict disease states for which the following neurotransmitter related drugs are used therapeutically

Serotonin

A

Depression

35
Q

Predict disease states for which the following neurotransmitter related drugs are used therapeutically

Acetylcholine

A

Parkinson’s disease

AD

36
Q

Predict disease states for which the following neurotransmitter related drugs are used therapeutically

GABA

A

Seizures

37
Q

Predict disease states for which the following neurotransmitter related drugs are used therapeutically

Glutamate

A

Seizures

38
Q

Which medications would be the best choices for the indicated disease?

Depression

A

SSRI

MAOIs

39
Q

Which medications would be the best choices for the indicated disease?

Parkinson’s disease

A

Muscarinic blocker

MAOIs

40
Q

Which medications would be the best choices for the indicated disease?

Schizophrenia

A

DA receptor blocker

41
Q

Which medications would be the best choices for the indicated disease?

Seizures

A

GABA agonist

NMDA blocker

PPP Winter Midterm (9 decks)

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