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CMBM Exam 4 > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

Live natural viral vaccine

A
  • Example of Jenner w/smallpox innoculation of child
  • Used safer but antigenically similar cowpox to innoculate from human smallpox
  • Jenner’s strategy cannot be applied to most pathogenic viruses b/c there is no “safe” counterpart
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2
Q

Live attenuated viral vaccines

A
  • A live attenuated virus undergoes mutation so that it has reduced ability to grow in human cells (no longer pathogenic)
  • Accomplished by growing the pathogenic viruses in cells from a non-human species and selecting for variants that grown in the non-human host, but are less fit to grow in the human host
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3
Q

Live attenuated viral vaccine examples

A
  • Measles
  • Mumps
  • Sabin (polio) vaccine
  • Yellow fever
  • Live attenuated influenza (LAIV)- delivered intranasally
  • Varicella (chicken pox)
  • Rotavirus-delivered orally
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4
Q

Live attenuated vaccines advantages

A
  • Better immunity b/c vaccine actually produces a limited infection
  • Can spread the attenuated virus to contacts
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5
Q

Live attenuated vaccines disadvantages

A
  • Can cause disease in immunosuppressed or immunodeficient individuals

*VAPP (vaccine assoc. paralytic polio)

*Varicella and MMR: vaccine contraindicated in pts w/known severe immunodeficiency

*LAIV: vaccine contraindicated in immunosuppressed pts., also in pregnant pts., children 2-4yo w/asthma and/or wheezing in last 12 months

*Rotavirus: precautions for altered immunocompetence

  • Reversion to wild type or pathogenic virus
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6
Q

Killed viral vaccine

A
  • Viral particles are chemicaly treated (formalin) or heated or irradiated
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7
Q

Killed viral vaccine examples

A
  • Influenza vaccine
  • Rabies vaccine
  • Salk polio vaccine
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8
Q

Killed viral vaccines advantage

A
  • Safe
  • Does not cause disease
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9
Q

Killed viral vaccines disadvantages

A
  • Must produce large amounts of virus
  • Incomplete inactivation
  • No replication of virus, therefore immunity may not be as “good”
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10
Q

Subunit vaccines

A
  • Usually made via recombinant DNA technology and contain an antigenic surface structure that can induce neutralizing antibody and prevent infection
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11
Q

Subunit vaccine examples

A
  • Hepatitis B vaccine
  • HPV vaccines
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12
Q

Bacterial Vaccines

A
  • Whole bacteria
  • Toxins
  • Capsular polysaccharides
  • Live attenuated bacterial vaccines
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13
Q

Killed bacterial vaccines

A
  • Bordetella pertussis

*when given w/tetanus toxoid and diptheria toxoid, the Bordetella organism causes stronger immune responses to the toxoids

*can induce bad reactions in some

  • Use of “acellular” Bordetella preparation in newer vaccines
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14
Q

Toxoid vaccines

A
  • In these vaccines, the toxin activity is destroyed, sometimes by formalin, but retains sufficient antigenic activity to protect against disease
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15
Q

Toxoid vaccine examples

A
  • Tatanus
  • Diptheria
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16
Q

Vaccines against capsular antigens

A
  • Produce complement-fixing anti-capsular antibodies by administering antigen, usually polysaccharides

*antibody response induced against a capsular polysaccharide is usually T-independent

  • Babies dont make good T-independent immune responses and are particularly susceptible to infection by encapsulated bacteria. Thus, sometimes the polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein
17
Q

Vaccines against capsular antigens examples

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Hemophilus influenzae
18
Q

Capsular vaccines: conjugates

A
  • Conjugating the polysaccharide antigen to a protein carrier improves the vaccine

*more chance of class switching from IgM to IgG

*higher antibody titers

*generation of memory

*longer lasting immunity

*more effective in younger children

19
Q

Adjuvants

A
  • Strong immune response require some degree of inflammation. During infection-initiated by microbial products, macrophages are activated and increase expression of co-stimulators (if the adjuvants is microbial)
  • Recruit inflammatory cells
  • The immunogenicity of purified protein vaccines, which induce poor immunity, is improved by adjuvants
  • Also cause soluble antigens to aggregate and clear slower

CMBM Exam 4 (14 decks)

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