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Introduction to Criminology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Large database, compiled by the FBI, of crimes reported and arrests made each year throughout the United States

A

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

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2
Q

The 8 most serious offenses included in the UCR: murder, rape, assault, robbery, burglary, arson, larceny, and motor vehicle theft

A

Part I crimes

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3
Q

the willful killing of one human being by another

A

murder/nonnegligent manslaughter

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4
Q

Under common law, the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will
New definition: the penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ without the consent of the victim

A

forcible rape

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5
Q

the taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear

A

robbery

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6
Q

an unlawful attack by one person upon another, accompanied by the use of a weapon, for the purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury

A

aggravated assault

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7
Q

the unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or a theft

A

burglary

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8
Q

the unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another

A

larceny

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9
Q

the theft of a motor vehicle

A

motor vehicle theft

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10
Q

the willful or malicious burning of a dwelling house, public building, motor vehicle, aircraft, personal property of another, or the like

A

arson

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11
Q

all other crimes, aside from the eight Part I crimes, included in the UCR arrest data. Part II crimes include drug offenses, sex crimes, and vandalism, among others

A

Part II crimes

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12
Q

Program that requires police agencies to provide a brief account of each incident and arrest within 22 crime patterns, including incident, victim, and offender information

A

National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)

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13
Q

selecting a limited number of people for study as representative of a larger group

A

sampling

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14
Q

all people who share a particular characteristic, such as all high school students or police officers

A

population

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15
Q

the ongoing victimization study conducted jointly by the Justice Department and the U.S. Census Bureau that surveys victims about their experiences with law violation

A

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

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16
Q

a research approach that requires subjects to reveal their own participation in delinquent or criminal acts

A

self-report survey

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17
Q

the view that women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits similar to those of men

A

masculinity hypothesis

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18
Q

a view of crime that suggests that the social and economic role of women in society controls their crime rates

A

liberal feminist theory

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19
Q

as the size of the black population increases, the perceived threat to the white population increases, resulting in a greater amount of social control imposed on blacks

A

racial threat theory

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20
Q

Police-initiated action directed at a suspect or group of suspects based solely on race

A

racial profiling

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21
Q

offenses designed to improve the financial or social position of the criminal

A

instrumental crimes

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22
Q

offenses committed not for profit or gain but to vent rage, anger, or frustration

A

expressive crimes

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23
Q

phrase used to express the fact that people commit less crime as they mature

A

aging out

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24
Q

a chemical substance, such as dopamine, that transmits nerve impulses from one neuron to another

A

neurotransmitter

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25
Q

the small group of persistent offenders who account for a majority of all criminal offenses

A

chronic offenders/career criminals

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26
Q

the view that repeat offenders begin their criminal careers at a very young age

A

early onset

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27
Q

laws that require offenders to serve life in prison after they are convicted of a third felony offense

A

three-strikes policies

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28
Q

the scientific study of the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior

A

criminology

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29
Q

actions that depart from the social norm

A

deviant behavior

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30
Q

system made up of the agencies of social control, such as police departments, courts, and correctional institutions that handle criminal offenders

A

criminal justice

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31
Q

the various subareas included within the scholarly discipline of criminology, which, taken as a whole, define the field of study

A

criminological enterprise

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32
Q

a measure that actually measures what it purports to measure

A

valid measure

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33
Q

a measure that produces consistent results from one measurement to another

A

reliable measure

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34
Q

refers to those killings in which the victim is a direct, positive precipitator of the incident

A

victim precipitated homicide

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35
Q

illegal acts that capitalize on a person’s status in the marketplace. ex. theft, embezzlement, fraud, market manipulation, restraint of trade, and false advertising

A

white-collar crime

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36
Q

subarea of criminology that focuses on the correction and control of criminal offenders

A

penology

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37
Q

treatment of criminal offenders that is aimed at preventing future criminal behavior

A

rehabilitation

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38
Q

a statutory requirement that a certain penalty shall be carried out in all cases of conviction for a specified offense or series of offenses

A

mandatory sentences

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39
Q

the execution of criminal offenders; the death penalty

A

capital punishment

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40
Q

the study of the victim’s role in criminal events

A

victimology

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41
Q

theoretical perspective suggesting that people choose to commit crime and that crime can be controlled if potential criminals fear punishment

A

classical criminology

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42
Q

the branch of social science that uses the scientific method of the natural sciences and suggests that human behavior is a product of social, biological, psychological, or economic forces that can be empirically measured

A

positivism

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43
Q

the use of verifiable principles

A

scientific method

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44
Q

approach to criminology, based on the work of Émile Durkheim, that focuses on the relationship between social factors and crime

A

sociological criminology

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45
Q

a lack of norms or clear social standards

A

anomie

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46
Q

Group of urban sociologists who studied the relationship between environmental conditions and crime

A

Chicago School

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47
Q

process of human development and enculturation. socialization is influenced by key social processes and institutions

A

socialization

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48
Q

the view that human behavior is shaped by interpersonal conflict and that those who maintain social power will use it to further their own ends

A

conflict theory

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49
Q

the view that crime is a product of the capitalist system

A

critical criminology

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50
Q

the view that crime is a function of a decision-making process in which the would-be offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act

A

rational choice theory

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51
Q

the view that criminality is a product of abnormal biological or psychological traits

A

trait theory

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52
Q

the view that disadvantaged economic class position is a primary cause of crime

A

social structure theory

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53
Q

the view that criminality is a function of people’s interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society

A

social process theory

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54
Q

examine how those who hold political and economic power shape the law to uphold their self-intersts

A

critical criminologists

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55
Q

an act deemed socially harmful or dangerous that is specifically defined, prohibited, and punished under criminal law

A

crime

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56
Q

having criminal penalties reduced rather than eliminated

A

decriminalized

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57
Q

the belief that the majority of citizens in a society share common values and agree on what behaviors should be defined

A

consensus view

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58
Q

the written code that defines crimes and their punishments

A

criminal law

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59
Q

the belief that criminal behavior is defined by those in power in such a way as to protect and advance their own self-interest

A

conflict view

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60
Q

the belief that those with social power are able to impose their values on society as a whole and these values then define criminal behavior

A

interactionist view

61
Q

The first written criminal code, developed in Babylonia about 1750 BCE

A

Code of Hammurabi

62
Q

The laws of the ancient Israelites, found in the Old Testament of the Judeo-Christian Bible

A

Mosaic Code

63
Q

a rule derived from previous judicial decision and applied to future cases; the basis of common law

A

precedent

64
Q

early English law, developed bu judges which became the standardized law of the land in England and eventually formed the basis of the criminal law in the United States

A

common law

65
Q

crimes defined by legislative bodies in response to changing social conditions, public opinion, and custom

A

statutory crimes

66
Q

a serious offense that carries a penalty of imprisonment, usually for one year or more, and may entail loss of political rights

A

felony

67
Q

a minor crime usually punished by a short jail term and/or a fine

A

misdemeanor

68
Q

the agencies of government that are responsible for apprehending, adjudicating, sanctioning, and treating criminal offenders

A

criminal justice system

69
Q

the taking into police custody of an individual suspected of a crime

A

arrest

70
Q

a set of facts, information, circumstances, or conditions that would lead a resonable person to believe that an offense was committed and that the accused committed that offense - the level of proof needed to make a legal arrest

A

probable cause

71
Q

fingerprinting, photographing, and recording personal information of a suspect in police custody

A

booking

72
Q

the questioning of a suspect in police custody

A

interrogation

73
Q

a declaration that expresses the prosecutor’s decision to drop a case from further prosecution

A

nolle prosequi

74
Q

a written accusation returned by a grand jury charging an individual with a specified crime, based on the prosecutor’s demonstration of probable cause

A

indictment

75
Q

a group of citizens chosen to hear testimony in secret and to issue formal criminal accusations

A

grand jury

76
Q

a filing before an impartial lower-court judge who decides whether the case should go forward (this filing is an alternative to the use of a grand jury

A

information

77
Q

alternative to a grand jury, in which an impartial lower-court judge decides whether there is probable cause sufficient for a trial

A

preliminary hearing

78
Q

a money bond intended to ensure that the accused will return for trial

A

bail

79
Q

the step in the criminal justice process in which the accused is brought before the trial judge, formal charges are read, defendants are informed of their rights, a plea is entered, bail is considered, and a trial date is set

A

arraignment

80
Q

pledge by the accused to return for trial which may be accepted in lieu of bail

A

recognizance

81
Q

agreement between prosecution and defense in which the accused pleads guilty in return for a reduction of charges, a more lenient sentence, or some other consideration

A

plea bargain

82
Q

a jury that is unable to agree on a decison thus leaving the case unresloved and open for a possible retrial

A

hung jury

83
Q

taking a criminal case to a higher court on the grounds that the defendant was found guilty because of legal error or violation of his or her constitutional rights

A

appeal

84
Q

the view that crime is a function of a decision-making process in which the potential offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act

A

rational choice theory

85
Q

a theory of crime suggesting that criminal behavior is a matter of personal choice, made after the individual considers its costs and benefits, and that the criminal behavior reflects the needs of the offender

A

classical criminology

86
Q

the view that an offender reacts selectively to the characteristics of a particular criminal act

A

offense-specific crime

87
Q

the view that offenders evaluate their skills, motives, needs, and fears before deciding to commit the criminal act

A

offender-specific crime

88
Q

the excitement or exhilaration of successfully executing illegal activities in dangerous situations

A

edgework

89
Q

the situational inducements or immediate benefits that draw offenders into law violations

A

seductions of crime

90
Q

a method of crime prevention that seeks to eliminate or reduce particular crimes in specific settings

A

situational crime prevention

91
Q

the principle that crime can be prevented or displaced by modifying the physical environment to reduce the opportunity that individyals have to commit crime

A

defensible space

92
Q

people who serve as guardians of property or people

A

crime discouragers

93
Q

an effect that occurs when efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevent another

A

diffusion

94
Q

an effect that occurs when crime control efforts targeting a particular locale help reduce crime in surrounding areas and populations

A

discouragement

95
Q

an effect that occurs when crime control efforts simply move or redirect offenders to less heavily guarded alternative targets

A

displacement

96
Q

an effect that occurs when crime reduction programs produce a short-term positive effect but benefits dissipate as criminals adjust to new conditions

A

extinction

97
Q

an effect that occurs wen criminals try new offenses they had previously avoided because situational crime prevention programs neutralized their crime of choice

A

replacement

98
Q

a crime control policy that depends on the fear of criminal penalties convincing the potential law violator that the pains associated with crime outweigh its benefits

A

general deterrence

99
Q

the view that criminal sanctions should be so powerful that offenders will never repeat their criminal acts

A

specific deterrence

100
Q

confinement in jail or prison

A

incarceration

101
Q

repetition of criminal behavior

A

recidivism

102
Q

the idea that keeping offenders in confinement will eliminate the risk of their committing further offenses

A

incapacitation effect

103
Q

the view that human behavior is motivated by inborn biological urges to survive and preserve the species

A

sociobiology

104
Q

assumes there is a direct link between traits and crime; some people are vulnerable to crime from birth

A

vulnerability model

105
Q

the view that some people are predisposed to environmental influences

A

differential susceptibility model

106
Q

the study of brain activity

A

neurophysiology

107
Q

a pattern of repetitive behavior in which the rights of others or social norms are violated

A

conduct disorder

108
Q

the view that people seek to maintain a preferred level of arousal but vary in how they process sensory input; a need for high levels of environmental stimulation may lead to aggressive, violent behavior patterns

A

arousal theory

109
Q

Freudian theory that the human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes that develop early in childhood and involve the interaction of id, ego, and superego

A

psychodynamic/psychoanalytic theory

110
Q

Bowlby’s theory that being able to form an emotional bond to another person is an important aspect of mental health throughout the life span

A

attachment theory

111
Q

the view that all human behavior is learned through a process of social reinforcement (rewards and punishment)

A

behavior theory

112
Q

the view that human behavior is modeled through observation of human social interactions, either directly from observing those who are close and from intimate contact, or indirectly through the media; interactions that are rewarded are copied, while those that are punished are avoided

A

social learning theory

113
Q

the process of learning behavior (notably, aggression) by observing others; aggressive models may be parents, criminals in the neighborhood, or characters on television or in movies

A

behavior modeling

114
Q

psychological perspective that focuses on the mental processes by which people perceive and represent the world around them and solve problems

A

cognitive theory

115
Q

theory that focuses on how people process, store, encode, retrieve, and manipulate information to make decisions and solve problems

A

information-processing theory

116
Q

the reasonably stable patterns of behavior, including thoughts and emotions, that distinguish one person from another

A

personality

117
Q

combination of traits, such as hyperactivity, impulsivity, hedonism, and inability to empathize with others, that make a person prone to deviant behavior and violence; also referred to as sociopathic or psychopathic personality

A

antisocial personality

118
Q

intelligence is largely determined genetically and that low intelligence is linked to criminal behavior

A

nature theory

119
Q

intelligence is not inherited but is largely a product of environment; low IQ scores do not cause crime but may result from the same environmental factors

A

nurture theory

120
Q

a condition in whcih the prevailing emotional mood is distorted or inappropriate to the circumstances

A

mood disorder

121
Q

a pattern of negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior, during which a child often loses her or his temper, often argues with adults, and often actively defies or refuses to comply with adults’ requests or rules

A

oppositional defiant disorder

122
Q

a severe disorder marked by hearing nonexistent voices, seeing hallucinations, and exhibiting inappropriate responses

A

schizophrenia

123
Q

an emotional disturbance in which moods alternate between periods of wild elation and deep depression

A

bipolar disorder

124
Q

programs, such as substance abuse clinics and mental health associations, that seek to treat personal problems before they manifest themselves as crime

A

primary prevention programs

125
Q

programs that provide treatment, such as psychological counseling, to youths and adults after they have violated the law

A

secondary prevention programs

126
Q

people grouped according to economic or social class; characterized by the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige

A

stratified society

127
Q

segment of the population whose members are at a relatively similar economic level and who share attitudes, values, norms, and an identifiable lifestyle

A

social class

128
Q

a separate lower-class culture, characterized by apathy, cynicism, helplessness, and mistrust of social institutions such as schools, government agencies, and the police, that is passed from one generation to the next

A

culture of poverty

129
Q

the lowest socia lstratum in any country, whose members lack the education and skills needed to function successfully in modern society

A

underclass

130
Q

branch of social structure theory that focuses on the breakdown in inner-city neighborhoods of institutions such as the family, school, and employment

A

social disorganization theory

131
Q

branch of social structure theory that sees crime as a function of the conflict between people’s goals and the means available to obtain them

A

strain theory

132
Q

the anger, frustration, and resentment experienced by people who believe they cannot achieve their goals through legitimate means

A

strain

133
Q

branch of social structure theory that sees strain and social disorganization together resulting in a unique lower-class culture that conflicts with conventional social norms

A

cultural deviance theory

134
Q

an area undergoing a shift in population and structure, usually from middle-class residential to lower-class mixed-use

A

transitional neighborhood

135
Q

as working-class adn middle-class families flee inner-city poverty-ridden areas, the most disadvantaged population is consoidated in urban ghettos

A

concentration effect

136
Q

social control exerted by cohesive communities and based on mutual trust, including intervention in the supervision of childrena nd maintenance of public order

A

collective efficacy

137
Q

the view that anomie results when socially defined goals, such as wealth and power, are universally mandated but access to legitimate means, such as education adn job opportunities is stratified by class and status

A

anomie theory

138
Q

the view that anomie pervades US culture because the drive for material wealth dominates and undermines social and community values

A

institutional anomie theory

139
Q

the goal of accumulating material goods and wealth through individual competition; the process of being socialized to pursue material success and to believe it is achievable

A

American Dream

140
Q

envy, mistrust, and aggression resulting from perceptions of economic and social inequality

A

relative deprivation

141
Q

the view that multiple sources of strain interact with an individuals emotional traits and responses to produce criminality

A

general strain theory

142
Q

anger, frustration, and adverse emotions produced by a variety of sources of strain

A

negative affective states

143
Q

values, such as toughness and street smarts, that have evolved specifically to fit conditions in lower-class environments

A

focal concerns

144
Q

process whereby values, beliefs, and traditions are handed down from one generation to the next

A

cultural transmission

145
Q

a value system adopted by lower-class youths that is directly opposed to that of the larger society

A

delinquent subculture

146
Q

a form of culture conflict experience by lower-class youths because social conditions prevent them from achieving success as defined by the larger society

A

status frustration

147
Q

the standards by which authority figures, such as teachers and employers, evaluate lower-class youngsters and often prejudge them negatively

A

middle-class measuring rods

148
Q

irrational hostility evidenced by young delinquents, who adopt norms directly opposed to middle-class goals and standards that seem impossible to achieve

A

reaction formation

149
Q

the view that lower-class youths, whose legitimate opportunities are limited, join gangs and pursue criminal careers as alternative means to achieve universal success goals

A

differential opportunity

Introduction to Criminology (4 decks)

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