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N DMD 5246 > Neoplasia-Bickmen > Flashcards

Neoplasia-Bickmen Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasm

A

A tissue mass with excessive growth, even in the absence of a growth signal

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2
Q

Tumor =

A

Neoplasm

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3
Q

Benign Tumor

A

Remains localized and easily removed

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4
Q

Malignant tumor

A

“cancer”, invasive and destructive to adjacent tissue

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5
Q

Benign tissue

A
  • Small
  • slow growing
  • non-invasive
  • well differentiated
  • local growth
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6
Q

Malignant features

A
  • Large
  • usually faster growing
  • invasive
  • poorly differentiatied
  • Metastasis
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7
Q

what is the key feature between Benign vs Malignant

A

metastasizes

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8
Q

well differentiated

A

gone from stem cell to now contributing to the body (has a job)

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9
Q

oma

A

benign tumors

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10
Q

Adenoma

A

Benign tumor in glandular cells

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11
Q

Leiomyoma

A

benign tumor of smooth muscle cells

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12
Q

chondroma

A

Benign tumor from chrondrocytes

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13
Q

Papilloma

A

nippe or finger like

benign tumors

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14
Q

Polyp

A

projects outwards, forming a lump, has a stock, will usually taller, mushroom shape

benign tumors

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15
Q

Cystadenoma

A

has hollow spaces inside , usually filled with tumors

Benign tumors

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16
Q

Malignant Tumor

Histological features

6

A
  1. Anaplasia
  2. Pleomorphism
  3. Prominent nucleoli
  4. Hyperchromatism
  5. High nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
  6. May be aneuploid
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17
Q

carcinoma

A

malignant growth tumor in epithelial tissue

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18
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant tumor of grandular cells

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19
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

malignant tumor of squamous cells

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20
Q

Sarcoma

A

Malignant tumors in mesenchymal tissue

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21
Q

chrondrosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of chondrocytes

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22
Q

Angiosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of blood vessels

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23
Q

Rhabdomyosarcoma

A

malignant tumor of skeletal muscle cells

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24
Q

Mixed tumors

A

show differentiation

adenoma

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25
Q

Pleomorphic adenoma

A

Glands and fibromyxoid stroma(mucus)

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26
Q

Fibroadenoma

A

glands + fibrous tissue

breast mouse- you can move it around

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27
Q

Malignancies that sound benign

A

  • Lymphoma
  • Mesothelioma
  • Melanoma
  • Seminoma
28
Q

Non-tumors that sound like tumors

A

Hamartoma – Mass of disorganized indigenous tissue
Choristoma – ‘Normal’ cells growing elsewhere

29
Q

Names that “come out of no where”

A

leukemia

hydatidiform mole

30
Q

Which of the following describes a benign tumor arising from skeletal muscle?
A. Leiomyoma
B. Papilloma
C. Rhabdomyoma
D. Leiomyosarcoma
E. Rhabdomyosarcoma

A

C

31
Q

Tumor characteristics

A
  • Differentiation and anaplasia
  • Rate of growth
  • Local invasion
  • Metastasis
32
Q

anaplasia

features

A

complete lack of differentiation

  1. Pleomorphism
  2. Hyperchromatic, large nuclei
  3. Bizarre nuclear shapes
  4. Lots of mitoses and abnormal mitoses
  5. Architectural anarchy
33
Q

differentiation

A

degree to which a cell resembles the cell of orgin

malignant: moderate to poorly
benign: well differentiated

34
Q

Dysplasia

A

disorderly growth

disorderly in non-neoplastic epithelial cells

35
Q

severe form of dysplasia

name

features

A

carcinoma in situ

Features

  • Pleomorphism
  • Hyperchromatic, large nuclei
  • Lots of mitoses
  • Architectural anarchy
36
Q

Rate of growth on cancer depends on

A

blood supply

hormonal factors

growth fraction

37
Q

rate of growth affected by

A

age

type of cancer

treatment

38
Q

growth fraction

A

portion of cells actively dividing

39
Q

Metastasis

A

development of secondary tumor implants in distant tissue

40
Q

Metastasis depends on

A
  1. Degree of differentiation of tumor
  2. Type of tumor
  3. Size of tumor
41
Q

3 ways to metastasize

A
  1. Seeding: ovarian cancer–>liver
  2. Lymphatic Spread: carcinomas
  3. Hematogenous Spread: sacromas–>lungs
42
Q

cancer incidence

A
  • 2nd leading cause of death
  • Most Common: prostate and breast
  • Deadliest: Lung
43
Q

environmetnal variables

A

sun= skin cancer

smoking= lung cancer

alcohol= liver, pancreas, breast cancers

44
Q

insulin resistance and cancer

A
  • More insulin receptors on cancerous tissue
  • The greater the insulin resistance the greater chance of cancer
  • Type 2 diabetics have a higher cancer risk
45
Q

Warburg effect

A

cancer cells use glucose

insulin resistance/T2 diabetes is a ‘perfect storm’ for cancer

46
Q

Heredity

A

inherited cancer syndrome

familial cancers

syndromes of defective DNA repair

47
Q

inherited cancer syndromes

A

Autosomal Dominant

  • Retinoblastoma
  • Familial polyposis coli
  • Neurofibromatosis
48
Q

Familial cancers

A

breast, colon, ovary, brain

occur earlier with greater mortality

49
Q

Defective DNA repair syndromes

A

autosomal recessive

Xeroderma pigmentosum (skin uniquely affected by sun)

50
Q

Pareaneoplastic Syndrome

A
  • expeeriencing neg effects of tumor, not due to mass but rather hormones/proteins released by it
  • sigin of malignancy
51
Q

cause of cancer caused by

A

non-lethal genetic change

52
Q

proto oncogenes

oncogene

A

a normal, non mutant gene

mutated gene

53
Q

oncogenes promote

A

 Promote excess growth
 Don’t regulate Apoptosis
 Don’t inhibit growth
 Don’t repair DNA

54
Q

p53

Rb

Ras

A

p53 and Rb inhibit cell cycle

Ras inhibits p53 and Rb and promotes cell growth

55
Q

Proto-oncogenes–> oncogenes

A
  1. Autonomous growth
  2. Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals
  3. Evasion of apoptosis
  4. Limitless replication
  5. Sustained angiogenesis
  6. Invasion and metastasis
56
Q

Autonomous growth

A
  • increase secretion of growth factors
  • more receptors
  • activation of Ras that drives cell cycle
57
Q

most common to all cancers

(most common mutation)

A

p53, that normally stops cell growth by activating Rb, allows cells to grow unchecked

58
Q

apoptotoic proteins

proto oncogene that normally prevent cells from becoming immortal

A

fas

executioner capases

BCL2 family

p53

59
Q

Telomere shortening

A

leads to cell cycle arrenst

cancer cells use telomerase to maintain telomere length (cell cycle continues)

60
Q

sustained angiogensis

A

tumor needs blood to grow

secretes VEGF

tumor blood vessels are abnormal (no structure)

61
Q

translocations

A

most commonly found in hematopoietic malignancies

Philadelphia chromosome

62
Q

Deletions

A

deletion of part or all of a chromosome, usually a tumor suppressor gene (p53)

Retinoblastoma

63
Q

sun causes the formation of

A

T=T dimers

64
Q

agents of cancer

A
  • chemical carcinogens (direct and indirect)
  • radiation
  • sun
  • Infections: H. pylori, HPV, EBV…..
65
Q

Grading

A

Tells you appearance of the disease

Mitosis, pleomporphism, Necrosis

66
Q

Staging

A

Tells you metastasis

TNM system

more useful than grading

N DMD 5246 (6 decks)

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