staph- daniels

Question 1

staphylococcus characteristics

Answer 1

gram positive cocci
non-motile
non spore forming
predominantly facultative anaerobes

Question 2

differentiates s. aureus and 6 other species from among 42 total species

Answer 2

coagulase test

Question 3

___ causes the highest burden of disease in people

Answer 3

s. aureus

Question 4

s. aureus lives on and around ____ with 30-40% prevalence of _____

Answer 4

people; nasal carriage

Question 5

s. aureus found at _____ and ____ surfaces

Answer 5

mucocutaneous junctions; skin, mucosal

Question 6

multiplication/ spread of s. aureus is variable with:

Answer 6

• bacterial inoculum (more is worse)
• host immunocompetence
• location of infection

Question 7

MSCRAMMs

Answer 7

microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules

Question 8

____ is a key player in the ECM function of adhesion

Answer 8

fibronectin (fibronectin binding proteins)

Question 9

collagen binding protein binds:

Answer 9

cartilage, connective tissue, bones, joints

Question 10

clumping factors bind ____

Answer 10

fibrinogen

Question 11

functions of fibrinogen

Answer 11

• important in clot formation
• responsible for positive coagulase test in vitro
• key in pathogenesis of endocarditis

Question 12

damage of s. aureus

Answer 12

acute suppurative inflammation (i.e. accumulation of pus)

Question 13

pus is essentially…

Answer 13

neutrophils or polymorphonuclear WBCs (aka PMNs)

Question 14

neutrophils release toxic oxidative substances to try to kill bacteria, called _____

Answer 14

reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Question 15

ROS payload also damages host tissue due to _____

Answer 15

sustained inflammation

Question 16

virulence factors of s. aureus

Answer 16

• polysaccharide capsule
• protein A
• pore-forming toxins (including Panton-Valentine Leukocidin)

Question 17

toxins cause the layers of the epidermis to separate

Answer 17

staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS); exfoliative toxins A and B

Question 18

exfoliative toxins are ____ with high specificity for _____ in the skin

Answer 18

proteases; desmosomal proteins

Question 19

TSST-1 is a ____ that causes _____

Answer 19

superantigen; toxic shock syndrome

Question 20

superantigens cause an unregulated inflammatory response by activating high levels of _____

Answer 20

CD4+ T cells

Question 21

in toxic shock syndrome, cytokine storm initiated by CD4+ cells causes:

Answer 21

IL1 –> fever
TNFalpha and beta –> hypotension and capillary leakage
IFNgamma, IL2 –> rash

Question 22

in staphylococcal food poisoning, many strains of s. aureus secrete ____

Answer 22

enterotoxins (ABCD and E)

Question 23

_____ cause intense peristalsis

Answer 23

superantigens

Question 24

____ and _____ or ____ make the crosslinks in peptidoglycan

Answer 24

transpeptidases; transglycosylases; Penicillin Binding Proteins

Question 25

____ are inhibitory substrates for penicillin binding proteins (PBPs)

Answer 25

beta-lactam antimicrobial agents

Question 26

examples of beta-lactam antibiotics (which inhibit cell wall synthesis of bacteria)

Answer 26

penicillins
semi-synthetic penicillins
-cephalosporins
-carbapenems
-monobactams

Question 27

2 types of penicillin binding proteins of s. aureus

Answer 27

methicillin susceptible staph aureus (MSSA)

methicillin resistant staph aureus (MRSA)

Question 28

____ is frequently used to treat MRSA or presumed MRSA

Answer 28

vancomycin

Question 29

vancomycin is a ____ class antimicrobial drug

Answer 29

glycopeptide