Coasts

Question 1

Destructive Waves

Answer 1

Strong backwash
Weak swash
They erode and transport sediment away from beaches

Question 2

Constructive Waves

Answer 2

Strong swash
Weak backwash
Because swash is stronger than the backwash they deposit sediment and build up beaches

Question 3

Swash

Answer 3

The movement of waves on beaches towards the land carrying load.
Swash approaches in the direction of the prevailing wind

Question 4

Backwash

Answer 4

The movement of waves on beaches away from the beach, it carries load away from the beach.
It will find the quickest route back to the sea due to gravity.

Question 5

Hydraulic action

Answer 5

Erosion of the cliffs caused by the force of water and air in the waves colliding against them.

Question 6

Abrasion

Answer 6

Erosion of the cliffs as waves throw particles and rocks against them.
(Tennis ball)

Question 7

Attrition

Answer 7

Erosion of the material carried in the waves. The material in the waves is smoothed as it bumps into each other.

Question 8

Corrosion/Solution

Answer 8

Erosion of the cliffs by the salts and acids in sea water. Salts and acids are able to dissolve some rocks - limestone and chalk for example.

Question 9

Solution

Answer 9

Minerals are dissolved in the water and carried along in solution.

Question 10

Suspension

Answer 10

Fine light material is carried along in the water.

Question 11

Saltation

Answer 11

Small pebbles and stones are bounced along the sea/river bed.

Question 12

Traction

Answer 12

Large boulders and rocks are rolled along the sea/river bed.

Question 13

Is a sea wall hard or soft engineering?

Answer 13

Hard engineering

Question 14

What does the sea wall do?

Answer 14

Deflect the force of the waves and any sediment away from the sea front.
The sand acts as a natural protection against the force of the waves. The waves break on the beach and not the cliffs.

Question 15

Is beach nourishment hard or soft engineering?

Answer 15

Soft engineering

Question 16

What is beach nourishment?

Answer 16

The artificial extension of the beach to buffer and absorb wave energy.

Question 17

Is marsh creation hard or soft engineering?

Answer 17

Soft engineering

Question 18

What is marsh creation?

Answer 18

The controlled flooding of coast to create marshes. These act as a buffer and absorb energy and flood waters.

Question 19

Are groynes hard or soft engineering?

Answer 19

Hard engineering

Question 20

What do groynes do?

Answer 20

They trap the sand which is carried along the coast by longshore drift. The sand acts as a natural protection against the force of the waves. The waves break on the beach and not the cliffs.

Question 21

Is rock armour hard or soft engineering?

Answer 21

Hard engineering

Question 22

What is rock armour?

Answer 22

Simply boulders and stones used to absorb wave energy. The waves break on the armour and not on the cliff line. Rock armour is often placed in front of sea walls to add extra protection.

Question 23

Is dune regeneration hard or soft engineering?

Answer 23

Soft engineering

Question 24

What is dune regeneration?

Answer 24

The planting of marram grass at the back of beaches to stabilise the dunes. Dunes buffer energy from the waves.

Question 25

Is managed retreat hard or soft engineering?

Answer 25

Soft engineering

Question 26

what is managed retreat?

Answer 26

When areas are left to flood naturally. This involves moving homes and allowing farmland to be engulfed by the sea.