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Musculoskeletal system - Alex's Cards (ESA2) > Session 3 Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Session 3 Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 joints that make up the elbow joint?

A
  1. Ulnohumeral
  2. Radiohumeral
  3. Radioulnar
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2
Q

Of the three joints that make up the shoulder - which is the only one that provides extension and flexion? (rather than supination and pronation)

A

The ulnohumeral joint

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3
Q

What is the carrying angle?

A

The angle that your elbow flexes and extends at - it is slightly angled away from the body to ensure that your clear your hips when walking/swinging arms

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4
Q

What is the difference in carrying angle between cubitus varus and cubitus valgus?

A

Cubitus varus = decreased carrying angle (only a cosmetic problem)
Cubitus valgus = increased carrying angle (this can lead to damage to the ulnar nerve)

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5
Q

What are the 3 ligament complexes of the elbow?

A
  1. Medial collateral (3 parts)
  2. Lateral collateral (2 parts)
  3. Annular
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6
Q

What is the fad pad sign?

A

It is a sign that there is fluid within the elbow joint cavity - clue that there may be a fracture as a fracture causes bleed (which collects in elbow joint cavity and raises the fat pad away from the elbow)

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7
Q

At the elbow joint what degrees can flexion and extension allow?

A

-5 (slight hyperextension) to 140 degrees

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8
Q

Which nerve innervates biceps brachii?

A

Musculocutaneous

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9
Q

Which nerve innervates brachialis?

A

Musculocutaneous

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10
Q

Which nerve innervates brachioradialis?

A

Radial nerve

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11
Q

Which 3 muscles are involved with flexion at the elbow joint?

A
  1. Biceps brachii
  2. Brachialis
  3. Brachioradialis
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12
Q

Which 2 muscles are involved with extension at the elbow?

A
  1. Triceps brachii

2. Aconeus

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13
Q

Which 2 muscles are involved in supination at the elbow?

Which is most dominant

A
  1. Biceps brachii (most dominant)

2. Supinator

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14
Q

What happens to movement at the elbow if biceps brachii is damaged?

A

Will not lose much function of extension/flexion as brachialis is the main muscle involved in this
You will however lose ability to supinate as supinator can only do this a little (mostly biceps brachii)

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15
Q

What nerve innervates supinator muscle?

A

Radial nerve

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16
Q

What 2 muscles are involved in pronation of the elbow?

A
  1. Pronator quadratus

2. Pronator teres

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17
Q

What two movements of the elbow involve muscles innervated by the median nerve?

A

Flexion and pronation

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18
Q

The radial nerve innervates muscles that provide what movement at the elbow joint?

A

Extension (as well as supinator which provides a little supination)

19
Q

Name 5 muscles (involved in either pronation or flexion at the elbow joint) that originate from medial epicondyle

A
  1. Flexor carpi ulnaris
  2. Palmaris longus
  3. Flexor carpi radialis
  4. Pronator teres
  5. Flexor digitorum superficialis
20
Q

Which 3 deep flexor and pronator muscles are innervated by the anterior interosseous nerve?
Which nerve does this branch from?

A
  1. Pronator quadratus
  2. Flexor digitorum profundus
  3. Flexor pollicis longus
21
Q

What form the contents of the cubital fossa? (lateral to medial)

A 
REALLY NEED BEER TO BE AT MY NICEST:
Radial nerve
Biceps tendon
Brachial artery 
Median nerve
22
Q

Name the 8 carpal bones

A 
SOME LOVERS TRY POSITIONS THAT THEY CAN'T HANDLE
Proximal row (lateral to medial):
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetral 
Pisiform 
Distal row (lateral to medial):
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
23
Q

What are the top 2 most common dislocations?

A
  1. Shoulder joint

2. Elbow joint

24
Q

What direction is a dislocation in the elbow most common?

A

Posteriorly (bone pushed out towards the back)

25
Q

If you have dislocated your elbow what else must have been damaged?

A

Your soft tissue - ligaments and joint capsule (as these hold the joint in position)

26
Q

Give 4 types of initial management for elbow dislocation

A
  1. Pain relief
  2. Sling or splint
  3. NVT assessment (nerve vessel tendon)
  4. X-ray
27
Q

Name 3 types of definite management of elbow joint

A
  1. Re-x-ray to check for concentric reduction - making sure the trochlea is sitting within the trochlea notch
  2. Closed reduction (force to put the joint back in place
  3. Re-NVT assessment
28
Q

What neurovascular checks can you do following a suoracondylar fracture?

A
  1. OK sign
  2. Radial pulse
  3. Capillary return (warmth and colour to hand)
  4. Paraesthesaie (tingling sensation)
29
Q

What is the difference between a displaced and a non displaced fracture?

A 
Displaced = bones are not aligned with one another (fragments have moved)
Non-displaced = break in bone but it has not fragmented/ separated
30
Q

What is most common elbow fracture?

On X-ray what could you look for to confirm a fracture?

A

Radial head/neck fracture

Look for fat pad sign = displacement of fat pad to due effusion of blood from broken bone

31
Q

What is a pulled elbow?

When is this most common?

A

The radial head is pulled out of position and the annular ligament becomes trapped underneath
In young children it is most common (2-5 years)

32
Q

What is the most common inflammatory arthropathy?

A

Elbow joint

33
Q

What is the difference between lateral and medial elbow tendinopathy and the group of muscles it affects?

A

Medial elbow tendinopathy = affects the flexors

Lateral elbow tendinopathy = affects the extensors

34
Q

With what disease is a rheumatoid module most likely to occur?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

35
Q

What is olecranon bursitis?

A

Inflammation of the bursa of the elbow joint

36
Q

What is gouty tophi?

What can it lead to?

A

A disorder of nucleic acid metabolism leading to hyperuricaemia (a build up of sodium urate crystals)
This can lead to urate crystal deposition

37
Q

What is a fracture of the distal radius often confused with?

A

A fracture of the wrist

38
Q

What is an intraarticular fracture?

A

A fracture which crosses into a joint

It is associated with cartilage damage

39
Q

What is a colles’ fracture?

A

A DORSALLY displaced fracture of the distal radius

40
Q

What is a Smith’s fracture?

A

A PALMAR displacement of the distal radius

41
Q

What is the most common carpal bone to be fractured?

Where would the pain present?

A

The scaphoid

Pain/tenderness in the anatomical snuff box

42
Q

Why is there a risk of necrosis following a scaphoid fracture?

A

Because only 25% of the blood supply is not articular - after a break this is the only blood supply received

43
Q

What causes cubital tunnel syndrome?

A

Compression of the ulnar nerve at the cubital tunnel (inside of the elbow) near the “funny bone”

Musculoskeletal system - Alex's Cards (ESA2) (8 decks)

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