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Cognitive Psychology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who is doing the thinking?

A

ancient Greek laid the foundation for cognition with the gods like Zeus, Poseidon, and Cupid. The Illiad characters didn’t think, the Gods thought for them.

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2
Q

What are we perceiving (Descartes)?

A

Descartes, a French philosopher, said there are 0 steps between the world and perception.
Then he moves to 2 steps, “Idola” hits your retina and that is your perception.

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3
Q

Why are we so good at perceiving some things?

A

features and configure hypotheses attempt to explain this phenomenon.

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4
Q

Featural hypothesis

A

we recognize faces by their features (nose, ears, mouth, and eyes).

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5
Q

Configural hypothesis

A

the arrangement of features, or the way features are configured.

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6
Q

Trepanation

A

holes cut in heads was meant to receive psychological suffering.

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7
Q

Ancient Egyptians 2500 BC

A

thought is in the heart, but judgment is in the head or kidney.

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8
Q

The Bicameral Mind 1200 BC

A

“I told my heart. My heart told me.” Homer’s Illiad.

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9
Q

Aristotle’s Psyche 384-322 BC

A

Just as the body executes physical action, the psyche executes mental actions. Emotional changes can be felt in the heart.

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10
Q

Galen 129-199 AD

A

Seat of the mind is in the brain. Found out by being the physician for the Roman gladiators. He had access to virtually unlimited data.

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11
Q

1879

A

Psychology was born and accepted as an experimental study. In Leipzig, Germany, Wilhelm Wundt started the first modern psychology laboratory where he focused on understanding the nature of consciousness.

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12
Q

Psychology =?

A

philosophy of mind and physiology.

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13
Q

Two early philosophies of the mind

A

Rationalist and empiricist.

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14
Q

Rationalist philosophy

A

mind acquires knowledge through reason. Renee Descartes (1596-1650) proposed dualism of mind and body, and the existence of the immortal mind.

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15
Q

Pineal Gland

A

A solo structure in the brain thought to be where the soul enters the body to control it.

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16
Q

Empiricist philosophy (2 ideas)

A

relied on EMPIRICISM, the mind acquires knowledge through data. The Tabula Rasa (blank slate) was though of. ASSOCIATION, proposed by John Locke, said that knowledge is elemental, said that ideas can be combined like “mental chemistry” into an association of ideas.

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17
Q

Marie Jean Pierre Flourens

A

founder of experimental brain science, who said that the brain has four major functional divisions: the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the brain stem, and the spine.

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18
Q

Pierre Paul Broca (1824-1880)

A

Patient “tan”, who suffered of epilepsy, could not say anything other than “tan.” He stayed in the hospital for many years, became paralyzed, and then developed gangrene, which caused Paul Broca to come in and inspect his brain, which had a lesion on Broca’s area.

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19
Q

Why was Galen’s textbook so popular for 1500 years?

A

he had access to the collection of medical data.

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20
Q

John Locke

A

said that knowledge was elemental and you could break it down like you could a physical matter into its component parts.

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21
Q

Discovery of Localization

A

some functions correspond to a specific part of the cerebrum. This was controversial. People asked did all areas work alone or did they collaborate somehow?

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22
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

speech, memory, hearing.

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23
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

vision

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24
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

emotion, executive processing

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25
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

attention, spatial awareness of our body in the world.

26
Q

Sulci

A

fissure down the middle of the brain.

27
Q

Gyri

A

ridges on the brain.

28
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

neurons that control the movement of the body.

29
Q

Robert Whytt 1751

A

discovered the spinal chord is sufficient for movement to occur.

30
Q

Galvani 1791

A

animal electricity. discovered animals have electrochemical potential. “A Galvanized Corpse”

31
Q

The most important study in Psych?

A

Hermann Von Helmholtz 1821-1894. Velocity of the nervous impulse (50-100 m/s). He brought the soul to time. He tells science that the speed at which nervous impulses move about the body is slow!!

32
Q

What did Helmholtz do for science and psychology?

A

opened the door to measuring psychology for the first time! He proved that humans aren’t instantaneous, but we are grounded in time. Thinking is not instantaneous! He borough psychology into the realm of time and space.

33
Q

F.C. Doners 1818-1889

A

mental chronometry = mental time measure.

34
Q

Simple reaction time (Donders)

A

experiment measuring response to a stimulus. Shock your toe and as soon as you feel the shock, press the detection button.

35
Q

Choice reaction time (Donders)

A

telling participant that either tow will be shocked and you have to respond with the correct finger click.

36
Q

Pure Choice

A

Choice RT - Simple RT.

RT reflects whole stages of mental processing.

37
Q

Saul Sternberg’s Breakthrough (1970)

A

Additive factors method.
dont delete whole stages of processing!
What factors (variables) affect what processes?
E.g., Does set size affect memory search?

38
Q

parallel search

A

comparing the image in its entirety to the single set.

39
Q

serial search

A

comparing the set to each individual set in the original image.

40
Q

How do the findings of Metzler and Sheperd challenge Descarte’s philosophy of dualism of mind and body?

A

it is our kinesthetic sense of rotation and bodily awareness that allows us to divide whether or not the blocks rotated.

41
Q

Introspection Criticism (1850-1925)

A

variability, verification, and reliance on consciousness.

42
Q

Behaviorism Criticism (1925-1970)

A

Objective/observable behavior, ignore the mind, goal was to predict behavior, study stimulus and response only. Cant account for the creativity and diversity of human behavior. Limiting science to directly observable ideas (BAD IDEA).

43
Q

Cognitivism (1965-2000)

A

Backlash to behaviorism, aided by computer, hardware vs. software.

44
Q

Two problems with perception

A

there is more information in the world than we can possible perceive. E.g., only 400-700 nanometers on the ES can we perceive.
there is not enough input to explain perception (the mind makes inferences on incomplete information).

45
Q

Inverse Problem

A

A) It’s possible to derive a specific perception from a given stimulus B) its impossible to derive a specific stimulus from a given perception (the inverse is not true)

46
Q

How can we know our perceptions are correct?

A

We cant know! Our perception of a predictable, stable sensory world is an illusion. The mind performs a trick that allows us to function and survive in this big world.

47
Q

Pablo Picasso

A

“Art is a lie that makes us realize the truth.” We interpret art using bottom-up processes, those that are driven by sensory information from the physical world.

48
Q

Paul Cezanne

A

showed importance of top-down processing with his famous paintings of mount sainte-victoire. Those who saw his paintings needed to actively seek and extract sensory information driven by our knowledge, beliefs, expectations, and goals.

49
Q

Andre Masson (1948) “What is the perceptual world like to a baby?

A

Ask Havas for the answer.

50
Q

William James

A

“The baby, assailed by eyes, ears, nose, skin, and entrails, all at once, feels it all as one great, blooming, buzzing, confusion.”

51
Q

pareidolia

A

tendency to see faces in certain objects or patterns.

52
Q

The visual system from the bottom up:

A

Rods and cones, thalamus (LGN), primary visual cortex, receptive field of a V1 neuron.

53
Q

Autoradiography

A

image of the brain that showed that the layout of the V1 corresponds to the layout of the retina.

54
Q

What is attention?

A

selecting some things to focus on, and ignoring others. Humans cant attend to more than one thing at a time.

55
Q

What if you lost your attention?

A

balint syndrome: a deficit in spatial awareness resulting from damage to the parietal lobe.

56
Q

Orienting Response

A

exogenously controlled attention (attention is controlled by external events, not internally controlled)

57
Q

Covert Attention

A

endogenous control of attention (attention purposefully controlled internally).

58
Q

Broadbendt’s Filter Theory of Attention (1958)

A

(dichotic listening paradigm) gave subject a pair of headphones where he would send words into the right ear and send a number in the left ear. They were asked to focus attention on the right ear, and after the experiment, they were asked to identify what they heard in the other ear. Couldn’t remember what they heard, bit they could tell if it was a male or female voice.

59
Q

What was concluded from Broadbendt’s theory?

A

we are greatly limited in attending one thing at a time.

60
Q

Early selection theory of attention

A

attention selects only part of the sensory world for deeper processing.

61
Q

late selection theory of attention

A

all inputs are analyzed fully, but only important inputs reach consciousness.

Cognitive Psychology (6 decks)

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