Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Organs and Tissues > Bone marrow > Flashcards

Bone marrow Flashcards

1
Q

Where is bone marrow

A

In the space between the cortex of bones
Traversed by bone trabeculae and blood vessels
Ribs, skull, vertebrae, and pelvic girdle, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bone marrow function

A

Site of origin, maturation, and development of all peripheral blood cells
Lymphocytes are formed here, so it is classified as a primary lymphoid tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hematopoiesis for:

  1. White blood cells (granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes)
  2. Red blood cells
  3. Platelets
A
  1. Granulopoiesis (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, mast cell), monocytopoiesis (monocytes, macrophages, DCs), lymphopoiesis (T cells, B cells, NK cells)
  2. Erythropoiesis
  3. Thrombopoiesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sites of hematopoiesis with age

A

Fetus: 0-2 months in yolk sac, 2-7 months in liver and spleen, 5-7 months in bone marrow
Infants: bone marrow, practically all bones
Adults: vertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull, sacrum, pelvis, and end of femurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3 basic components of the bone marrow

A

Stem cells
Bone marrow microenvironment
Hematopoietic growth factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Stem cells

A

Arise from yolk sac
Self renewable
Multilineage differentiation potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bone marrow microenvironment

  1. ECM
  2. Stromal cells
A
  1. ECM: attachment of progenitor cells or stem cells
  2. Stromal cells: physical support for hematopoietic cells, produce hematopoietic growth factors and express adhesion molecules that influence differentiation, ex: macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial, etc
    Stem cells express cell surface adhesion molecules to attach with specific structure in the ECM
    Hematopoietic growth factors produced by stromal cells are presented to immobilized stem cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hematopoietic growth factors

A

Glycoproteins that act at low concentrations
Produced by many cells: stromal cells, monocytes, lymphocytes
May effect more than one lineage, or could be specific for 1
Active on stem cells and/or functional differentiated cells
Show synergistic or additive action with other growth factors
May have multiple actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How to extract bone marrow

A

Take it from the iliac crest
Need two needles: one to break through the cortical bone and aspirate, and a second larger hollow Boar needed to extract the tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Key factors: erythropoietin, GM-CSF, IL-3, IL-11
Maturation characteristics: nuclear condensation with ultimate extrusion of the nucleus, change of cytoplasm from deep basophilic, organelle rich substance, to a cytoplasm that consists almost entirely of hemoglobin
Rate: 3-4x10^9 cell/kh/day
Live 120 days
At the beginning the precursors have a lot of mRNA - will stain one colour
Later on they have a lot of hemoglobin and that will stain with eosin 1 - shift in colour from deep blue to purplish pink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Erythropoiesis morphological changes

A

Cytoplasm changes from blue to orange (decrease in RNA, increase in hemoglobin)
Nucleus becomes smaller (chromatin pattern more compact than expelled out of the cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

5 stages of erythropoiesis

A
  1. Proerythroblast
  2. Basophilic erythroblast
  3. Polychromatic erythroblasts
  4. Orthochromatic erythroblasts
  5. Nuclear expulsion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Erythroid island

A

Macrophages store iron to give to the RBC precursors They also phagocytose the extruded nuclei
So they have to be in the islands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Erythropoietin made in the kidney
If there is less O2 flowing into the kidney it will activate cells and they will produce it
Find its way to marrow and stimulates precursors to enhance production of red cells
The reticulocytes will get pushed out to try to compensate for sudden anemia
Will take 5 days, so wont see results of increasing production until then

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Thrombopoiesis

A

Key factors: thrombopoietin, GM-CSF, IL-3/6, EPO
Maturation characteristics: increase size and DNA content, nuclear division without cell division, increase nuclear lobulations, development of demarcation membranes and cytoplasmic granules, platelet release
Platelets survive 10 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Thrombopoiesis stages

5

A 
Promegakaryoblast
Megakaryoblast
Promegakaryocyre
Granular megakaryocyte
Platelet producing megakaryocyte
17
Q

Thrombocytopenia in liver failure

A

Liver produces thrombopoietin
Patients with liver failure often have decreased platelet count (thrombocytopenia) and are at risk for bleeding
Liver makes the coagulation factor

18
Q

Granulopoiesis

A

Key regulatory factors: GM-CSF, G-CSF, IL-3
Maturation characteristics: nuclear segmentation, acquisition of primary and then secondary granules
Negative feedback inhibition by mature forms
Eosinophil and basophil maturation are similar

19
Q

2 maturation characteristics for granulopoiesis

A

Nuclear segmentation

Acquisition of primary and then secondary granules

20
Q

“Left shift”

A

If you have a really bad infection then more immature granulocytes will be released to help
So left shift refers to having more precursors in the blood

21
Q

6 stages of granulopoiesis

A
  1. Myeloblast: production of primary granules
  2. Promyelocyte: largest cell, numerous primary granules, paranuclear hoff (lots of protein synthesis)
  3. Myelocyte: last stage with proliferative potential, secondary granule formation
  4. Metamyelocyte: nuclear indentation, more secondary than primary granules
  5. Band: horse shoe nucleus (when segmentation is more than half)
  6. Segmented neutrophils
22
Q

Monocytopoiesis

progenitor, key factor, maturation characteristics, stages (3)

A

Same progenitor cell as for segmented neutrophil
Key factors: M-CSF
Maturation characteristics: gradual nuclear folding, acquisition of cytoplasmic granules
Stages: monoblast, promonocyte, mature monocyte

23
Q

Acute myeloid leukemia

A

Stem cells and progenitor cells have self renewal and maturation property (maturation shuts off self renewal)
Mutations that preserve self renewing but interfere with maturation lead to continuous proliferation of immature daughter cells
These eventually take over the bone marrow and lead to acute myeloid leukemia
Symptoms: anemia, depressed immunity, bleeding

24
Q

Lymphopoiesis

A

T, B and NK cells arise from same stem cell
Key factors: IL2/3/4/7
Stages of maturation defined by surface antigen rather than morphologic
B cells mature from their progenitors within the bone marrow
T cell progenitors first mature into thymocytes (in bone marrow), then migrate to thymus where they mature into T cells

25
Q

Light chain versus heavy chain rearrangement

A

Light: only V and J regions
Heavy: V, D and J regions

26
Q

Genes involved in recombination

A

RAG-1 and 2

Recombinase activated gene

27
Q

3 outcomes of B cell maturation

A
  1. Apoptosis (no functional Ig)
  2. Mature B cell (does not bind to self antigens)
  3. Receptor editing (binds to self antigens)
28
Q

Burkitt lymphoma

A

Form of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in which cancer starts B-cells
Fastest growing tumor
Caused by a translocation between chromosome 8 (gene to go into cell cycle) and 14 (heavy chain enhancer that is always on)

29
Q

Follicular lymphoma

A

Too many B cells
Translocation between chromosome 14 (enhancer region) and 18 (has Bcl-2)
Unopposed production of anti-apoptotic gene

30
Q 
What regions are on chromosome
8
14
18
that are important in either Burkitt's lymphoma or follicular lymphoma
A

8: promotes cell going in to cell cycle
14: heavy chain enhancer region
18: anti-apoptosis

Burkitt: 8:14 translocation
Follicular: 14:18 translocation

Human Organs and Tissues (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions