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meh > Energy Production > Flashcards

Energy Production Flashcards

1
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase activated and inhibited by

A

Activated: pyruvate, coASH, NAD+, ADP, insulin

Inhibited: acetyl-CoA, NADH, ATP, citrate

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2
Q

Electron transport

A

Electrons on NADH and FAD2H transferred through a series

of carrier molecules to oxygen

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3
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Free energy released used to drive ATP synthesis

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4
Q

Proton motive force (pmf)

A

[H+] gradient (membrane potential) across inner mitochondrial
membrane

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5
Q

Do electrons in NADH or FADH2 have more energy? How many PTCs do they use?

A

NADH

NADH uses 3 and FADH2 uses 2

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6
Q

How many moles of ATP is produced from two moles of NADH and FADH2?

A

NADH synthesis of 5 moles of ATP (P/O = 2.5)

FADH2 synthesis of 3 moles of ATP (P/O = 1.5)

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7
Q

How does cyanide inhibit the electron transport chain?

A

Prevents acceptance of electrons by O2

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8
Q

Inhibitors of the electron transport chain

A

Cyanide and carbon monoxide

Block flow of electrons, no pmf

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9
Q

Uncouplers

A

Dinitrophenol, dinitrocresol, fatty acids
Increase permeability of membrane to H+
H+ enters mitochondria without driving ATP synthetase
Dissipates p.m.f.

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10
Q

Ox/Phos diseases

A

Genetic defects in proteins encoded by mtDNA

Decrease in electron transport and ATP synthesis

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11
Q

Extra heat generation in brown adipose tissue

A

Thermogenin (UCP1)
In response to noradrenaline, lipase releases fatty acids from triacylglycerol. Oxidised fatty acids activate UCP1. Electron Transport uncoupled from ATP Synthesis. Energy of p.m.f. is then released as extra heat.

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12
Q

Which vitamins cannot be synthesised in the body?

A

A D E K

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13
Q

What is triacylglycerol made from?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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14
Q

What do chylomicrons contain?

A

Fatty acids

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15
Q

Hormone sensitive lipase in lipid metabolism stimulated and inhibited by…

A

Stimulated by glucagon and adrenaline

Inhibited by insulin

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16
Q

What is used to transport fatty acids across the mitochondria membrane?

A

Carnitine shuttle

17
Q

Classes of lipids

A

Fatty acid derivatives
Hydroxy-methyl-glutaric acid derivatives
Vitamins

18
Q

Which processes produce and break down triacylglycerol?

A

Esterification and lipolysis

19
Q

What do chylomicrons transport?

A

Dietary triacylglycerol

20
Q

How are TAG released and transported in the circulation?

A

Lymphatics

Albumin fatty acid complex

21
Q

Fatty acid catabolism

A

Fatty acids activated by linking to coenzyme A
Transported across inner membrane using carnitine shuttle
Cycles through sequence of oxidative reactions, with C2 removed each time
FADH2 and NADH+H produced

22
Q

What links fatty acids to coenzyme A?

A

Fatty acyl CoA synthase

23
Q

When is carnitine shuttle transport inhibited and by what?

A

When energy levels are high

By malonyl CoA

24
Q

In which tissues does beta oxidation not occur?

A

Brain, RBC and WBC

25
Q

What does fatty metabolism stop in the absence of?

A

Oxygen

26
Q

What are the three ketone bodies produced in the body?

A

Acetoacetate
Acetone
Beta hydroxybutyrate

27
Q

What is the normal plasma body concentration? Starvation concentration? Concentration with untreated type 1 diabetes?

A

Normal <1 mM
Starvation 2-10 mM physiological ketosis
Type 1 diabetes >10 mM pathological ketosis

28
Q

Which enzyme converts HMG to mevalonate and in turn cholesterol?

A

HMG CoA reductase

29
Q

How is ketone body production controlled in the liver?

A

Low NAD substrate availability and high NADH inhibits enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Acetylcholine diverted from TCA cycle

30
Q

Which enzymes in ketone synthesis are inhibited and which are activated when the insulin:glucagon ratio is high?

A

Lyase is inhibited
Reductase is activated
Therefore cholesterol synthesis

31
Q

Which enzymes in ketone synthesis are inhibited and which are activated when the insulin:glucagon ratio is low?

A

Lyase is activated
Reductase is inhibited
Therefore ketone body synthesis

32
Q

What is ketonuria and ketoacidosis?

A

Ketonuria: high ketones in blood
Ketoacidosis: acetoacetate and beta hydroxybutyrate are strong organic acids so cause acidosis

meh (12 decks)

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