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Cardiovascular system SA > Embryology 2 > Flashcards

Embryology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the two ways blood vessels develop

A

Vasculogenesis

Angiogenesis

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2
Q

What is the definition of Vasculogenesis

A

defined as the new formation of a primitive vascular network

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3
Q

What is the definition of angiogenesis

A

defined as the growth of new vessels from pre-existing blood vessels

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4
Q

What is the three main circulations

A

The cardinal
The vitelline
The umbilical

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5
Q

What is the aortic sac an extension of

A

the truncus arteriosus of primordial heart tube

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6
Q

Where does the first arteries appear in the embryo

A

right and left primitive aortae

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7
Q

What does each primitive aorta have

A

a ventral part (ventral aorta) and a dorsal part (dorsal aorta)

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8
Q

Where does the aortic branches arise from and what is this formed from

A

the aortic sac formed from the two ventral aorta partially fusing together

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9
Q

What is the two fates of these aortic branches

A

They either persist or degenerate

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10
Q

What is happening the same time at the aortic branches formation

A

Development of Pharyngeal arch arteries - future neck

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11
Q

when does the pharyngeal arches develop

A

4-5th week

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12
Q

What does each arch receive

A

Each arch receives its own nerve and artery = pharyngeal arteries

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13
Q

What does the pharyngeal arteries allow

A

communication with aortic branches

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14
Q

The joining of the pharyngeal arteries and the aortic branches from what

A

6 pairs of aortic arches

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15
Q

Where does the aortic arches all communicate and terminate

A

the dorsal aorta

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16
Q

What is the fate of arches 1 and 2

A

The1stand2nd archesdisappear early,

remnant of the 1st arch forms part of the maxillary artery (branch of external carotid a.)

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17
Q

What is the fate of arch 3

A

Start of the internal carotid artery

= carotid arch

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18
Q

What does the 4th right arch form

A

the right subclavian vein

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19
Q

What does the 4th left arch form

A

constitutes the distal part of the aortic arch

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20
Q

What is the fate of the 5th arch

A

Never forms or forms incompletely then regresses

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21
Q

What is the fate of the 6th right arch

A

The proximal part of the6th right archpersists as the proximal part of the rightpulmonary artery

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22
Q

What is the fate of the 6th left arch

A

The6th left archgives off the leftpulmonary a.and forms the ductus arteriosus;

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23
Q

What is the fate of the ductus arteriosus within 1-3 months

A

the ductus is obliterated and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum

24
Q

What is the two causes of great arteries anomalies

A
  • either due to persistence of aortic arches that normally should regress
  • regression of arches that normally shouldn’t
25
Q

What causes an abnormal subclavian artery

A

with regression of the right aortic arch 4 and the right dorsal aorta, the rightsubclavian arteryhas an abnormal origin on the left side

26
Q

What is the outcome of an aberrant subclavian artery

A

forces the right subclavian artery to cross the midline behind thetrachea and oesophagus, which may constrict these organs

27
Q

What is the cause of a double aortic arch

A

occurs with the development of an abnormal right aortic arch in addition to the left aortic arch,

28
Q

What does the double aortic arch encircle and what does the result in

A

forms a vascular ring around the trachea and esophagus, making it difficult to swallow or breathe

29
Q

What is patent ductus afteriosus

A

a condition wherein theductus arteriosusfails to close afterbirth

30
Q

What is patent ductus afteriosus commonly associated with

A

Maternal rubella infection

31
Q

What can patent ductus afteriosus result in

A

Poor weight gain

Difficulty in breathing

32
Q

What can an uncorrected PDA lead to with age

A

congestiveheart failure

33
Q

What is coarctation of the aorta

A

a congenital condition wherein theaortais narrow, usually in the area where the ductus arteriosus (ligamentum arteriosum after regression) inserts

34
Q

What are the two forms of coarctation of the aorta

A

Pre-ductal coarctation

post-ductal coarctation

35
Q

What is the possible causes of the aorta constrict after birth

A

The ductus arteriosus has muscle tissue incorporated into the arch of the aorta, so when it DA contract after birth it constricts aorta

Genetic or environmental factors

36
Q

What do the vitelline arteries supply in the embryo and the adult

A

Embryo - The yolk sac

Adult - The gut

37
Q

What is the function of the viteline veins

A

drain blood from the yolk sac to the sinus venosus

38
Q

What do the vitelline veins develop into

A

Portal vein

Hepatocardiac (liver to heart) part of inferior vena cava

Liver sinusoids

Superior mesenteric vein

39
Q

What is the umbilical arteries before birth

A

Paired branches of the dorsal aorta to placenta

40
Q

What is the fates of the proximal portion of the umbilical arteries after birth

A

Proximal portion persists as internal iliac and superior vesical branches (to urinary bladder)

41
Q

What is the fate of the distal portion of the umbilical arteries after birth

A

degenerates to form obliterated umbilical arteries and forms medial umbilical ligaments

42
Q

Where does the umbilical veins originate from

A

chorionic villi of placenta carrying oxygenated blood to the embryo

43
Q

What is the function of the umbilical veins

A

carrying oxygenated blood to the embryo

44
Q

What is the fate of the right umbilical vein

A

degenerates completely

45
Q

What is the fate of the left umbilical vein

A

regresses and forms ligamentum teres (=round ligament) of adult liver

46
Q

What is the fate of the ductus venosus

A

obliterates and forms ligamentum venosum

47
Q

What allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver in the foetus

A

theductus venosus shunts a portion of the left umbilical vein blood flow directly to the inferior vena cava

48
Q

What is the function of the cardinal veins

A

Carry the blood from the head and the lower body of the heart - drainage system of the embryo

49
Q

What is the fate of the cardinal veins

A

Form vena caval (SVC and IVC) system by fusing among the veins

50
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus function

A

A blood shunt passing the blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta to bypass the lungs

51
Q

Name four venous system abnormalities

A

Double IVC
Double SVC
Absence of IVC
Left SVC (normally connects to right atrium)

52
Q

Where and when does the lymphatic system develop in the foetus

A

Develops at the end of sixth week around main veins

53
Q

What is developed at the end of the embryonic period

A

6 primary lymph sacs (the lymph vessels join the lymph sac later)

54
Q

What is three important structures in prenatal circulation

A

Ductus venosus (shunts left umbilical vein blood flow directly to IVC: allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver).

Oval foramen (allows blood to enter the leftatriumfrom the right atrium: allows blood to bypass the lungs).

Ductus arteriosus (allows blood that still escapes to the right ventricle to bypass thelungs).

55
Q

What is the 3 changes to circulation postnatal

A

Ductus venosus becomes the ligamentum venosum of the liver

Oval foramen closes after birth by tissue proliferation and adhesion of septal structures

Ductus arteriosus obliterates to form ligamentum arteriosum

56
Q

What causes patent ductus arteriosus

A

Failure of muscular wall to contract, respiratory distress syndrome (Low O2) and lack of surfactant in the lungs

57
Q

Where does 90% of coarctation occur

A

opposite the Ductus Arteriosus (DA).

Cardiovascular system SA (43 decks)

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