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Earth Science Unit 2 > Chapter 8 Part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

John Wesley Powell

A

led expedition on Colorado River through Grand Canyon in 1869

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2
Q

James Ussher

A

-wrote comprehensive history from creation to 70 AD (fall of Jerusalem)

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3
Q

James Ussher wrote

A

“Annals of the World” 1654

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4
Q

Dates in James Ussher’s history

A
  • 4004 BC–>creation week
  • 2348-7 BC–>Noah’s Flood
  • 1921 BC–>call of Abram
  • 4 BC–>Birth of Jesus Christ
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5
Q

1611

A

King James Bible published

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6
Q

“Young-earth” creationism (YEC)

A
  • earth is thousands of years old

- Noah’s flood explains rocks and fossils

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7
Q

Nico Steno

A

young-earth creationist that

  • established early rules for interpreting sedimentary rocks
  • fossils are former living organisms
  • rocks of the Alps were formed during different stages of the flood (accepted for hundreds of years but challenged in late 1700s)
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8
Q

challenges to rocks of the Alps being formed during different stages of the flood

A

1) Were all rocks and fossils formed by Noah’s flood?

2) Was Ussher’s date of creation correct?

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9
Q

tenets of catastrophism

A

1) Earth is ancient
2) Earth’s geology was formed by many catastrophes over time (Noah’s flood is only the most recent catastrophe)
- God created whole new species and ecosystems after each catastrophe

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10
Q

Novel interpretations of Genesis

A

Day-age theory and gap theory

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11
Q

day-age theory

A

the word ‘day’ should be reinterpreted to mean vast periods of time

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12
Q

gap theory

A

there is a gap between Genesis 1 and 2 that God didn’t document where dinosaurs existed

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13
Q

Georges Cuvier

A

“spokesperson”/”architect” for catastrophism

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14
Q

James Hutton

A
  • uniformitarianism

- wrote “Theory of the Earth”

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15
Q

Charles Lyell

A
  • uniformitarianism

- wrote “Principles of Geology” 1830-33

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16
Q

uniformitarianism “motto”

A

“The present is the key to the past”

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17
Q

actualism

A
  • descension from uniformitarianism

- the events and structures of the geologic record were caused by processes much the same as those seen today

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18
Q

2 Peter 3

A

there are events that are unlike anything we have/are/will experience

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19
Q

2 types of geologic dating

A
  • relative dating

- “absolute” dating

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20
Q

relative dating

A

placing rocks and geologic events in sequence and order

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21
Q

law of original horizontality

A

sediment (or ash falls and lava flows) tend to be deposited in flat sheets in a horizontal position

22
Q

law of superposition

A

for sediments, older sediments are at the bottom and younger sediments are at the top

23
Q

principal of cross-cutting relations

A

younger features will cut across older features (ex. fault, dikes (volcanic pipes)

24
Q

rule of inclusions

A

if a rock (A) contains pieces of another rock (B), then rock (B) must be older than rock (A)

25
Q

unconformities

A

surface that represents a break in time (due to non-deposition or erosion) during sedimentation

26
Q

uniformitarianism

A

the physical, chemical, and biological laws that operate today have also operated in the geologic past

27
Q

Can relative dating tell us how long ago something took place?

A

No, it only tells us that it followed one event and preceded another

28
Q

conformable

A

when we observe layers of rock that have been deposited essentially without interruption

29
Q

Does any place on earth have completely conformable strata?

A

no

30
Q

unconformities represent

A

significant geologic events in Earth history

31
Q

angular conformity

A
  • most easily recognized

- consists of tilted or folded sedimentary rocks that are overlain by younger, more flat-laying strata

32
Q

disconformities

A
  • more common but usually less conspicuous

- strata on either side are essentially parallel

33
Q

nonconformity

A

-separates older metamorphic or intrusive igneous rocks from younger sedimentary strata

34
Q

correlation

A

the process of linking rock units over distances in which they are unseen

35
Q

2 types of correlation

A

physical and temporal

36
Q

physical correlation

A

same type of rocks/minerals

37
Q

temporal correlation

A

same age in time

38
Q

Correlation over short distances is often achieved by noting

A

the position of a rock layer in a sequence of strata

39
Q

fossil

A

any evidence of past life in the geologic record

40
Q

paleontology

A

the scientific study of fossils that blends geology and biology

41
Q

body fossils

A

hard parts of an organism

42
Q

petrified

A

when silica invades cavities and pores of the original structure

43
Q

mold

A

when a structure is buried in sediment and then dissolved by underground water

44
Q

replacement

A

cell walls are removed and replaced with mineral matter

45
Q

casts

A

when hollow spaces are filled with mineral matter

46
Q

carbonization

A

when fine sediment encases the remains of an organism and leaves a residue of carbon

47
Q

impression

A

a replica of the surface

48
Q

principle of fossil succession

A

fossil organism succeed one another in a definite and determinable order, and any time period can be recognized by its fossil content

49
Q

index fossils

A

widespread geographically and are limited to a short span of geologic time

50
Q

fossil assemblages

A

groups of fossils that determine the age of a bed

51
Q

fossil types

A
  • petrification
  • tracks/trails
  • imprints/casts/molds
  • amber

Earth Science Unit 2 (4 decks)

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