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Psychobiology > Chapters 9-11 > Flashcards

Chapters 9-11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for the forming of new synapses?

A

Synaptogenesis.

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2
Q

What is synaptogenesis dependent on?

A

Glial cells, especially astrocytes (they provide cholesterol to the developing neurons and help with info).

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3
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Passive cell death. Cells break apart and spill into extracellular fluid.

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4
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Active cell death. (Safer than necrosis). Insides are “packaged” before the cell breaks apart.

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5
Q

What is responsible for the increase in size of the human brain from birth to adulthood?

A

Synaptogenesis, myelination of axons, and increased branching of dendrites.

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6
Q

How does dendritic branching progress?

A

From deeper to more superficial layers.

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7
Q

What is the working memory?

A

Like the RAM of the computer. Keeps relevant information accessible.

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8
Q

What is the preservative error?

A

Making a response that was formally correct, currently incorrect. Working memory still developing.

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9
Q

What is the growth of new neurons called?

A

Neurogenesis

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10
Q

How does neurogenesis work in adults?

A

New olfactory bulbs are created from adult neural stem cells, hippocampal cells are created near their final location.

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11
Q

What is a spectrum disorder?

A

A group of related disorders. i.e. autism spectrum

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12
Q

What are the six causes of brain damage?

A

BCCING: Brain tumors, Cerebrovascular disorders, Closed-head injuries, Infections, Neurotoxins and Genetic factors.

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13
Q

What are the two types of strokes?

A

Cerebral hemorrhage and cerebral ischemia

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14
Q

What is cerebral hemorrhage?

A

Bleeding in the brain, commonly caused by an aneurysm(“balloon” in the wall of an artery).

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15
Q

What is cerebral ischemia?

A

Blockage of blood vessel(s) that leads to a toxic glutamate cascade.

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16
Q

What is a contusion?

A

A closed-head injury(brain meets skull) that results in damage to the cerebral circulatory system, leading to a hematoma (bruise).

17
Q

What is a concussion?

A

Blow to the head affecting consciousness, multiples lead to dementia-cerebral scarring.

18
Q

What was the case of Jerry?

A

Ex-boxer, had punch-drunk syndrome, caused by thousands of blows to his head.

19
Q

Bacterial brain infections cause:

A

Cerebral abscesses(pockets of pus) and meningitis(inflammation of the meninges).

20
Q

Describe MS:

A

A progressive, auto-immune disease, attacks the myelin of the axons of the CNS

21
Q

What are neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques?

A

Present in an Alzheimer’s brain. tangles of protein, and clumps of scar tissue (degenerating neurons and amyloid protein).

22
Q

What are the two mechanisms of neural regeneration?

A

Strengthening of existing connections, establishing of new connections (collateral sprouting)

23
Q

What are the three main contributions of HM’s case?

A

Memory has a location in the brain, different modes of memory storage, discovery of explicit Vs implicit memories.

24
Q

What is the name of HM’s condition?

A

Medial temporal lobe amnesia.

25
Q

What are repetition priming tests?

A

For testing implicit memory.

26
Q

What are the two categories of explicit memory?

A

Semantic (facts/info) and episodic (personal events).

27
Q

What was the case of KC?

A

No episodic memory.

28
Q

What was the case of R.B?

A

Global cerebral ischemia; interruption of blood supply to entire brain.

29
Q

What is the standard consolidation theory?

A

Memories are temporarily stored in the hippocampus until they can be transferred.

30
Q

What is reconsolidating?

A

Memory is accessed, held in short term memory, then reconsolidated.

31
Q

What are the two types of implicit memory?

A

Procedural (riding a bike) and priming (“bias” towards recalling certain information).

32
Q

What are the two conclusions on how memories are stored?

A

They are stored diffusely on the entire brain, and become more resistant to disruption over time.

33
Q

Where are visual memories stored?

A

Inferotemporal cortex

34
Q

How does the amygdala affect memory storage?

A

Involved with emotional memories, strengthens them. Memories are stored elsewhere, though.

35
Q

How does damage to the prefrontal cortex affect memory?

A

Damages episodic memory and working memory - have trouble with anything that involves “steps”

36
Q

What role does the cerebellum play in memory?

A

Memories for sensory motor tasks.

37
Q

What role does the striatum play in memory?

A

Memories for relationships between stimuli and responses.

Psychobiology (6 decks)

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