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Research 3900 > Unit 2: Ch. 8 > Flashcards

Unit 2: Ch. 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Theory

A

An abstraction that purports to account for or explain phenomena

  • description on how you do a thing
  • theories are inductively from observations
  • ->theories are put together from small bits and pieces of info
  • ->must know something about it
  • ->composed of concepts or constructs and they are held together w/ propositions
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2
Q

Classical theory

A

abstract generalization that systematically explains relationships among phenomena

  • ex: theory of evolution
  • how thing A affects thing B
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3
Q

Descriptive theory

A

a theory that thoroughly describes a phenomenon, based on rich observations of it
-only describes, doesn’t look at relationships

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4
Q

Grand theory

A

a theory that attempts to explain large aspects of human experiences
-ex: Orem’s theory of self care deficit (a nursing theory)

aka macrotheories

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5
Q

Middle-range theory

A

a theory that focuses on a specific aspect of human experience (e.g. stress, comfort, and health promotion)

More specific and responsive to empirical testing than grand theories

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6
Q

Micro-theories

A

small theory about very, very specific phenomenon

-ex: theories about miscarriages

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7
Q

Models

A

deals with abstractions, assembled in a coherent scheme
-may be a picture, physical representation, diagram, 3D model (ex: DNA helix model), etc.

Represent a more loosely structured attempt to explain phenomena than theories

Can serve as springboards for generating hypotheses
-once you see a model/schematic, you may come up with ideas about how to write a hypothesis/research question based on it

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8
Q

Conceptual model

A

deals with abstractions (concepts) that are assembled because of their relevance to a common theme

Broadly presents an understanding of the phenomenon of interest and reflects the assumptions and philosophical views of the model’s designer

Provide a conceptual perspective regarding interrelated phenomena, but are more loosely structured than theories and do not link concepts in a logically derived deductive system

Can serve as springboards for writing hypotheses

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9
Q

Some writers use the term ____ to designate a method of representing phenomena with a minimal use of words.

A

Model

writers may be using a visual or symbolic representation

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10
Q

Statistical models

A

equations that mathematically express relationships among a set of variables

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11
Q

Schematic models (aka conceptual maps)

A

visually represent relationships among phenomena, and are used in BOTH qualitative and quantitative research

Concepts and linkages between them are depicted graphically through boxes, arrows, or other symbols

Schematic models are appealing as visual summaries of complex ideas

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12
Q

Pender’s Health Promotion Model (HPM)

A

A schematic model for explaining and predicting the health-promotion component of lifestyle

focuses on explaining health-promotion behaviors, using a wellness orientation

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13
Q

Framework

A

the overall conceptual underpinnings of a study - skeleton of a building, pieces all connect - may not be sure how yet

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14
Q

T/F: Not every study is based on a theory or conceptual model but every study has a framework

A

TRUE

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15
Q

Theoretical framework

A

abstraction that purports to account for or explain a phenomena
-more complex than a conceptual framework (we know more about it)

exists in a study based on a theory

More reliable than a conceptual framework b/c it has more of the parts to it than the conceptual framework

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16
Q

Conceptual framework

A

based on a conceptual model and is defined as interrelated concepts or abstractions assembled in a rational scheme b/c of a common theme; may be called a conceptual model

  • we know less about it (than a theoretical framework)
  • may have all the concepts there but don’t know how they go together or you may not have all the concepts
  • less detail than theoretical framework

exists in a study that has its roots in a specified conceptual model

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17
Q

commonalities of theories and conceptual models (8)

A
  1. use concepts as building blocks
  2. require conceptual definitions of key concepts
  3. can be represented in a schematic model (drawing, physical model, 3D model…)
  4. are created by humans (as opposed to coming out of nature - something we create)
  5. are developed inductively (reasoning from specific examples to a general conclusion - lots of little details that go together to create a picture)
  6. cannot be proven - they are supported to a greater or lesser degree
  7. can be used to generate hypotheses and test research questions
  8. can serve as a stimulus to research
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18
Q

conceptual definition

A

how you’re choosing to define a specific thing

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19
Q

operational definition

A

how you’re going to measure something

20
Q

T/F: Quantitative researchers are generally more guilty of failing to identify their frameworks than qualitative researchers

A

true

21
Q

concept analysis

A

has become an important enterprise among students and nurse scholars

22
Q

T/F: Theories, conceptual frameworks, and models are not discovered, they are created

A

True

23
Q

What are the 4 concepts that are central to models of nursing?

A
  1. Human beings
  2. Environment
  3. Health
  4. Nursing
24
Q

Roy’s Adaptation Model

A

In this model, humans are viewed as biopsychosocial adaptive systems who cope w/ environmental change through the process of adaptation

25
Q

____ interventions usually take the form of increasing, decreasing, modifying, removing, or maintaining internal and external stimuli that affect adaptation.

A

Nursing

26
Q

Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

A

self efficacy; whether or not you can do or can’t do a thing - confidence in abilities

27
Q

Prochaska’s Transtheoretical Model of Change

A

preparation for change - where someone is ready for change

28
Q

Becker’s Health Belief Model (HBM)

A

behavior intentions

29
Q

Bowlby’s Attachment Theory

A

OB theory; mother’s attachments to baby

30
Q

Grit by Duckworth

A

theory about the reason that some people succeed and others quit; tenacity
-people who have grit are more likely to succeed in a lot of things - not so much about intelligence, more about “sticking with it”

31
Q

Kurt Lewin’s Model of Change

A

Used in nursing, health care always changing

32
Q

Diffusion of Innovations by Rodgers

A

About how fast people accept new things and start to use new things
-ex: electronics

this theory comes out of agriculture

33
Q

Aizen’s Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

A

offers a framework for understanding people’s behavior and its psychological determinants
-behavior that is volitional (willed) is determined by people’s intention to perform that behavior

34
Q

Lazarus and Folkman’s theory of Stress and Coping

A

offers an explanation of people’s methods of dealing w/ stress, i.e., environmental and internal demands that tax or exceed a person’s resources and endanger his or her well-being

35
Q

health promotion

A

entails activities directed toward developing resources that maintain or enhance a person’s well being

36
Q

Mishel’s Uncertainty in Illness Theory

A

focuses on the concept of uncertainty - the inability of a person to determine the meaning of illness-related events

37
Q

Substantive theory

A

Qualitative research

Conceptualizations of the target phenomena
-more like classical theory - has all the parts there

38
Q

Grounded theory

A

Qualitative research

symbolic interactionism; used in business to describe processes

39
Q

Ethnography

A

Qualitative research

Cultural theories: behaviors, ideas, and materials that support a culture; all about different cultures

40
Q

Phenomenology

A

Qualitative research

the phenomenological philosophy of human experience (all about the human experience)

41
Q

Qualitative research is primarily based on ____ not theory

A

philosophy

have a philosophical base; each different type of qualitative research has a different philosophical base

  • lots of different interpretations of things; wide range of what you can do w/ any one philosophy
  • qualitative authors have been accused of being atheoretical
42
Q

Quantitative research is primarily based on?

A

theory

43
Q

Use of theories or models in Quantitative research

A

Testing a theory through deducting hypotheses to be tested
-have a theory –> develop hypothesis –> test theory (have theory, then conduct study to see if that theory holds true)

Testing a theory-based intervention
-there may be some intervention that you should test

Using a theory/model as an organizing or interpretive structure

  • ex: transtheoretical model of change (readiness for change) - like being in a paradigm
  • if you’re working w/ one theory, stick w/ that theory

Fitting a problem into theory, after the fact (not recommended)
-don’t pick a theory and try to fit the problem into it

44
Q

Where do I find the theory or framework in articles?

A

In the introduction (at the very beginning)
-normally somewhere in the beginning of the article

In the literature review
-may have a separate section later talking about the theory (depends on the theory and depends on the study)

After the research questions or hypotheses

In a separate section

if you’re getting to the methods and results section and aren’t picking up on a theoretical framework, there may not be one

45
Q

idealational theories

A

suggest cultural conditions and adaptation stem from mental activity and ideas

Ethnography theory

46
Q

materialistic theories

A

view material conditions (e.g. resources, money, production) as the sources of cultural developments

Ethnography theory

Research 3900 (15 decks)

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