Lecture 1: A&P

Question 1

Anatomy of Nose & Nasal cavity

Answer 1

nasal root, nasal bridge, nasal tip, columella, naris, ala nasi, septum (vomer bone, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, quadrangular cartilage), turbinates/concha, choana

Question 2

Anatomy of Upper Lip

Answer 2

philtrum, philtral ridges,

Cupid’s Bow, vermilion, tubercle

Question 3

Anatomy of Oral Cavity

Answer 3

hard palate, velum, tongue, alveolar ridge, faucial pillars, (palatine) tonsils, lingual tonsils, oropharyngeal isthmus

Question 4

Anatomy of Hard Palate

Answer 4

alveolar ridge/alveolus, mucoperiosteum, rugae, incisive papilla, palatine raphe, foveae palati, premaxilla, maxilla, palatine bone

Question 5

Anatomy of Uvula

Answer 5

mucosa, glandilar tissue, adipose, vascular, no fxn

Question 6

Anatomy of Pharynx

Answer 6

oropharynx, nasopharynx, hypopharynx

Question 7

Anatomy of Eustachian Tube

Answer 7

connects middle ear w/ pharynx

Question 8

Anatomy of Velum

Answer 8

oral surface (median palatine raphe), nasal surface, anterior portion (tensor tendon, glandular tissue, adipose, palatine/velar aponeurosis

Question 9

Muscles of the VP

Answer 9

Levator veli palatini (velar elevation “sling”)
Superior pharyngeal constrictor (constricts pharyngeal walls to narrow vp against)
Palatopharyngeus (narrow pharynx)
**Palatoglossus (depresses the velum or elevate tongue)
Musculus uvulae (“bulges” for seal on nasal surface)
Tensor veli palatini (open E-tubes)

Question 10

VP Motor innervation

Answer 10

Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Accessory (XI)
Trigeminal (V)
Facial (VII)

Question 11

VP Sensory innervation

Answer 11

Vagus (X)

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Question 12

Physiological Subsystems for Speech

Answer 12

Respiration
Phonation
Resonation
Articulation
Prosody

Question 13

Physiology of the VP

Answer 13

Velar mvmt
Lateral pharyngeal wall mvmt
Posterior pharyngeal wall mvmt
Passavant’s Ridge (shelf-like ridge of muscle projecting from posterior pharyngeal wall into pharynx)

Question 14

VP Closure Variations

Answer 14

Normal speakers: coronal, sagittal, circular, circular w/ Passavant’s Ridge (p. 234)
Type of activity: speech, swallow, gag, vomit
Timing: vp must be completely closed before phonation begins
Phonemes: affected by tongue mvmt of co-articulated sounds; greatest force on fricatives & consonants
Rate & fatigue: ↑speech rate & fatigue =↓closure force

Question 15

Factors that Affect VP Function

Answer 15

Lack of m. bulk (esp. levator)
Abnormal m. insertion
Malposition of repaired m.
Scar tissue (velum)
Less faucial pillar pressure
Short velum(may not be able to connect with pharynx – for speech)
Deep pharynx(may not be able to connect with velum – for speech)

Question 16

Changes in VP Function

Answer 16

Growth & Age

• Facial bones continue growth into early adulthood
• Pharynx: newborn 4cm long; adult 20cm long
• Nasopharynx: infancy>adult=+80% volume
• VP fxn does not deteriorate as a factor of aging