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Principles Anatomy > 12: Renal > Flashcards

12: Renal Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for the renal system?

A

The urinary tract

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2
Q

The kidneys regulate many different body variables and so are essential for maintaining ___.

A

homeostasis

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3
Q

What passes through the renal system on its way to being excreted?

A

Urine

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4
Q

In which organ is urine produced?

A

Kidneys

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5
Q

Which duct drains urine from the kidneys?

In which organ does the drained urine end up?

A

Ureter

Bladder

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6
Q

Which organ stores urine which has been drained from the kidneys?

A

Bladder

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7
Q

Which tube allows for the excretion of urine after it has been stored in the bladder?

A

Urethra

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8
Q

What is expelled from the urethra in males?

A

Urine

Semen

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9
Q

The renal system filters ___.

A

blood

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10
Q

How is the bladder adapted for urine storage and voiding (emptying)?

A

Its epithelial cells can STRETCH when the bladder is full

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11
Q

Which type of epithelium lines the ureter up until the upper urethra?

A

Transitional epithelium

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12
Q

Which type of epithelium lines the distal urethra?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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13
Q

Ureters

Urethra

Kidneys

Bladder

Arrange these renal system organs in order of urine production to secretion.

A

Kidneys

Ureters

Bladder

Urethra

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14
Q

How many ureters are there?

A

Two

one for each kidney.

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15
Q

Which structures are classed as being in the upper urinary tract?

A

Kidneys

Ureters

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16
Q

Which organs are classed as being in the lower urinary tract?

A

Bladder

Urethra

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17
Q

Which organ(s) would be involved in an upper urinary tract infection?

A

Kidneys

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18
Q

Which organ(s) would be involved in a lower urinary tract infection?

A

Bladder

Urethra

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19
Q

Where, in terms of body cavities, are the kidneys found?

A

Abdominal cavity

retroperitoneal

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20
Q

Where, in terms of body cavities, are the proximal ureters found?

A

Abdominal cavity

retroperitoneal

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21
Q

Are the kidneys peritoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

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22
Q

Are the proximal ureters peritoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

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23
Q

Where, in terms of body cavities, is the bladder found?

A

Pelvic cavity

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24
Q

The (proximal / distal) ureters, bladder and (proximal / distal) urethra are found in the pelvic cavity.

A

distal ureters

proximal urethra

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25
Q

Where is the distal part of the urethra found?

A

Perineum

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26
Q

Given the position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity, from which side of the body are they more likely to be palpated?

A

Posterior aspect

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27
Q

In which abdominal quadrants are the right and left kidneys found?

A

Left kidney - LUQ

Right kidney - RUQ

Regions:

Left and right lumbar regions posteriorly

28
Q

Which aspects of the vertebral column protect the kidneys?

A

Transverse processes

29
Q

What ribs protect the kidneys?

A

Ribs 11 & 12 (floating ribs)

30
Q

What organ forces the right kidney down somewhat?

A

Liver

31
Q

Be aware that there are many layers of ___ which protect the kidneys.

A

fascia

32
Q

Which structures are found in the renal hilum?

A

Ureter

Renal artery

Renal vein

33
Q

What is the innermost layer of tissue protecting the kidneys?

A

Renal capsule

34
Q

Which arteries supply the ureters?

A

Renal arteries

Gonadal arteries

Aorta

35
Q

What is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

36
Q

__ segmental branches arise from each ___ artery to supply nephrons.

A

Five

renal

37
Q

Which veins drain the kidneys?

A

Right and left renal veins

38
Q

Which renal vein is longer?

Why?

A

Left renal vein

It has to cross the aorta and drain into the IVC

39
Q

Where do the renal veins and the gonadal veins drain?

A

Inferior vena cava (IVC)

40
Q

Similar to the adrenal glands, what are the two main aspects of the kidney?

A

Cortex (outer)

Medulla (inner)

41
Q

After urine has passed through the collecting ducts of the nephrons, where does it drain into?

A

Ureter

42
Q

From the nephron’s collecting ducts to the ureter, the diameter of urine drainage increases until constriction at which structure?

A

Pelviureteric junction

43
Q

What is a colloquial name for renal calculi?

A

Kidney stones

44
Q

What are renal calculi made up of?

A

Calcium oxalate

Calcium phosphate

45
Q

Renal calculi tend to be visible on which imaging modality?

A

USS

46
Q

At which three sites can the ureter be obstructed?

A
  1. Pelviureteric junction
  2. Ureter’s crossing over the common iliac artery
  3. Ureteric orifice (opening into bladder)
47
Q

Name an example of an internal obstruction which can block the ureter.

A

Renal calculus within the lumen

Blood clot

48
Q

What is haematuria?

A

Passing blood in the urine

49
Q

Name an example of external obstruction which can block the ureter.

A

Expanding tumour in another structure (e.g the Gi tract)

50
Q

Which type of muscle makes up the walls of the ureter?

A

Smooth muscle

51
Q

Think GI tract!

By which process does the body try to clear obstructions from the ureter?

A

Peristalsis

52
Q

Which kind of pain is associated with peristalsis in an attempt to clear ureteric obstruction?

A

Pain which “comes and goes”

Also known as renal colic

53
Q

What kind of pain comes and goes in relation to peristalsis in the ureter?

A

Renal colic

54
Q

What is micturition?

A

Ejection of urine from the urethra via the bladder

i.e peeing

55
Q

What is the bladder?

A

A “bag” which stores urine

56
Q

What are the two areas of the bladder?

A

Apex

Trigone

57
Q

Does the apex stretch as the bladder fills?

A

Yeah

58
Q

Does the trigone stretch as the bladder expands?

Why?

A

No

So the orifices aren’t blocked

59
Q

Which muscle, found in the bladder, contracts during micturition?

A

Detrusor

60
Q

Bladder sphincters are (voluntary / involuntary).

A

involuntary

61
Q

Which condition, common in older men, can result in difficulty urinating or involuntary urination?

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

62
Q

How does a suprapubic catheter reach the bladder?

A

Via the anterior abdominal wall

63
Q

How does a urinary catheter reach the bladder?

A

Via the urethra

64
Q

Why are urinary tract infections more common in females?

A

Their urethras are short, distensible and more open

65
Q

What is renal failure?

A

Failure to filter the blood to produce urine

66
Q

Urinary tract obstruction causes back pressure, which can lead to ___ ___.

A

renal failure

Principles Anatomy (13 decks)

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