vocabulary words

Question 1

socialism

Answer 1

a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Question 2

utopia

Answer 2

an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect.

Question 3

Robert Owen

Answer 3

He worked in the cotton industry in Manchester before setting up a large mill at New Lanark in Scotland.

Question 4

Karl Marx

Answer 4

Karl Marx was a philosopher and economist famous for his ideas about capitalism and communism.

Question 5

communism

Answer 5

a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Question 6

proletariat

Answer 6

workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism).

Question 7

democratic

Answer 7

relating to or supporting democracy or its principles.

Question 8

socialism

Answer 8

(in Marxist theory) a transitional social state between the overthrow of capitalism and the realization of communism.

Question 9

communist manifesto

Answer 9

The Communist Manifesto (originally Manifesto of the Communist Party) is an 1848 political pamphlet by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Question 10

capitalism

Answer 10

an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Question 11

Thomas Malthus

Answer 11

An 18th-century British philosopher and economist famous for his ideas about population growth.

Question 12

David Ricardo

Answer 12

David Ricardo was a classical economist known for his Iron Law of Wages, labor theory of value, theory of comparative advantage and theory of rents. David Ricardo and several other economists also simultaneously and independently discovered the law of diminishing marginal returns.

Question 13

dictatorship

Answer 13

a country governed by a dictator.

Question 14

Laissez-Faire

Answer 14

a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering.

Question 15

Adam Smith

Answer 15

Adam Smith is one of the world’s most famous economists. Modern capitalism owes its roots to Adam Smith and his Wealth of Nations, which many consider the single most important economic work in history.

Question 16

Friedrich Engels

Answer 16

was a German philosopher, social scientist, journalist, and businessman. He founded Marxist theory together with Karl Marx.

Question 17

declaration of women’s rights

Answer 17

By publishing this document, de Gouges hoped to expose the failures of the French Revolution in the recognition of sex equality, but failed to create any lasting impact on the direction of the Revolution.

Question 18

suffrage

Answer 18

a series of intercessory prayers or petitions.

Question 19

romanticism

Answer 19

a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.

Question 20

realism

Answer 20

the attitude or practice of accepting a situation as it is and being prepared to deal with it accordingly.

Question 21

naturalist

Answer 21

a person who practices naturalism in art or literature.

Question 22

Beethoven

Answer 22

Despite increasing deafness Beethoven was responsible for a prodigious output: nine symphonies, thirty-two piano sonatas, sixteen string quartets, the opera Fidelio (1814), and the Mass in D (the Missa Solemnis, 1823).

Question 23

Mark Twain

Answer 23

was a Mississippi River term: the second mark on the line that measured depth signified two fathoms, or twelve feet—safe depth for the steamboat. In 1857, at the age of twenty-one, he became a “cub” steamboat pilot.

Question 24

Cartography

Answer 24

the science or practice of drawing maps.

Question 25

social Darwinism

Answer 25

the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals.

Question 26

Charles Darwin

Answer 26

A British naturalist of the nineteenth century. He and others developed the theory of evolution. This theory forms the basis for the modern life sciences. Darwin’s most famous books are The Origin of Speciesand The Descent of Man.

Question 27

Albert Einstein

Answer 27

physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity; Einstein also proposed that light consists of discrete quantized bundles of energy (later called photons) (1879-1955) Einstein.

Question 28

relativity

Answer 28

the dependence of various physical phenomena on relative motion of the observer and the observed objects, especially regarding the nature and behavior of light, space, time, and gravity.

Question 29

Sigmund Freud

Answer 29

is known as the Father of Psychoanalysis, a method for treating psychological pathology by means of dialogue between the patient and the psychoanalyst. During psychoanalysis, the patient talks about whatever thoughts come to mind, a process called “free association.”

Question 30

modernism

Answer 30

a movement toward modifying traditional beliefs in accordance with modern ideas, especially in the Roman Catholic Church in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Question 31

impressionism

Answer 31

a style or movement in painting originating in France in the 1860s, characterized by a concern with depicting the visual impression of the moment, especially in terms of the shifting effect of light and color.

Question 32

Monet

Answer 32

French landscape painter; the leading exponent of impressionism.

Question 33

natural selection

Answer 33

the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin and is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution.

Question 34

Pytorillyich

Answer 34

a newspaper or periodical with pictures as a main feature.