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ESA 4 - Head and Neck > Clinical Pathologies of the Eye, Orbit, and Associated Stuctures > Flashcards

Clinical Pathologies of the Eye, Orbit, and Associated Stuctures Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common orbital wall fracture?

A

The floor (inferior wall)

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2
Q

How can the floor of the orbit fracture?

A

Following direct impact to the front of the eye

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3
Q

What is a fracture of the orbital floor known as?

A

An orbital blow out fracture

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4
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

A

When the conjunctivae becomes inflamed

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5
Q

What happens to the eye in conjunctivitis?

A

Blood vessels dilate and the eye appears red

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6
Q

What causes glaucoma?

A

Increased intra-ocular pressure due to the obstruction of drainage of aqueous humour

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7
Q

What are the types of glaucoma?

A
  • Open-angle glaucoma
  • Closed-angle glaucoma
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8
Q

What is the main risk factor for glaucoma?

A

Increasing age

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9
Q

What happens to glaucoma if left untreated?

A

Leads to irreversible damage and death of the optic nerve, causing impairment of vision and blindness

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10
Q

What is an open angle glaucoma caused by?

A

Blockage within trabecular meshwork, which drains into the canal of Schlemm

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11
Q

Describe the development of open-angle glaucoma

A

Develops painlessly and insidiously over time

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12
Q

What is the result of glaucoma developing painlessly and insidiously over time?

A

Can be difficult to pick up

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13
Q

What does treatment of open-angle glaucoma involve?

A

Topical medications (eye drops) that reduce the production of aqueous humour and/or increase its drainage

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14
Q

What medications are used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma?

A
  • ß-blockers
  • Timolol
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15
Q

What may be required if the treatments for open-angle glaucoma fail?

A

Surgery; Trabeculectomy

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16
Q

When are signs of glaucoma screened for?

A

Opticians screen for signs during routine eye tests

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17
Q

How can a rise in intra-ocular pressure be detected?

A

By directing a brief puff of air against the front of the eye (cornea)

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18
Q

What signs of glaucoma can be detected on eye examination?

A
  • Cupping of the optic disc
  • Visual field loss
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19
Q

What is a closed-angle glaucoma?

A

When the irido-corneal angle is narrowed by the peripheral edge of the iris

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20
Q

What does closed-angle glaucoma?

A

Rapid rise in intra-ocular pressure

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21
Q

What is more common, open or closed angle glaucoma?

A

Open

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22
Q

Who is at most risk of closed angle glaucoma?

A

Long-sighted middle aged, or elderly people

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23
Q

What is true of the acute presentation of a closed-angle glaucoma?

A

It is an opthalmic emergency

24
Q

Why is the acute presentation of a closed-angle glaucoma an opthalmic emergency?

A

It requires rapid recognition and management, as irreversible sight loss can occur within a few hours

25
Q

How does a closed-angle glaucoma present?

A
  • Sudden onset of a painful red eye
  • Blurred vision or halos around objects
  • Fixed or sluggish semi-dilated, often irregular, oval-shaped pupil
  • Nausea and vomiting
26
Q

What does the management of closed-angle glaucoma involve?

A
  • Instilling muscarinic eye drops
  • Strong analgesia
  • Drugs to reduce intra-ocular pressure

While awaiting an emergency opthalmology opinion

27
Q

What muscarinic eye drops can be used in closed-angle glaucoma?

A

Pilocarpine

28
Q

When can cataracts occur?

A

As we age

29
Q

What causes cataracts?

A

Degradation of proteins in the lens can cause it to become clouded and less transparent

30
Q

How quickly do cataracts develop?

A

Gradually develop

31
Q

What can cataracts cause?

A

Significant visual impairment

32
Q

How can cataracts be treated?

A

Surgery

33
Q

What is retinal detatchment?

A

When the retina begins to pull away from the blood vessels that supply it with oxygen and nutrients

34
Q

What can cause retinal detatchment?

A

Due to age or trauma

35
Q

Why can retinal detachment occur?

A

Occurs because sclera and choroid develop together, but the retina doesn’t, so it’s the first thing to tear off

36
Q

What can happen if a retinal detachment is not caught early enough?

A

Can cause blindness

37
Q

Why can retinal detachment cause blindness if not caught early enough?

A

Due to loss of blood supply to retina

38
Q

What does a lesion of the oculomotor nerve affect?

A

Most of the extraocular muscles

39
Q

What happens to the affected eye in an oculomotor nerve palsy?

A

The affected eye is displaced laterally and inferiorly

40
Q

What muscle displaces the affected eye laterally in oculomotor nerve palsies?

A

Lateral rectus

41
Q

What muscle displaces the affected eye inferiorly in oculomotor nerve palsies?

A

Superior oblique

42
Q

What does a lesion of the trochlear nerve palsy affect?

A

Will paralyse superior oblique muscle

43
Q

How does a trochlear nerve palsy present?

A

No obvious affect on the resting orientation of the eyeball, but patient will complain of diplopia and may develop a head tilt away from the site of lesion

44
Q

What does a lesion of the abducens nerve cause?

A

Will paralyse the lateral rectus muscle

45
Q

What happens to the affected eye in trochlear nerve palsies?

A

Affected eye will be adducted by the resting tone of the medial rectus

46
Q

What is a style?

A

A small, painful cyst on the inside or outside of the eyelid

47
Q

What is a stye usually caused by?

A

A bacterial infection

48
Q

What does a stye usually affect?

A

One eye

49
Q

Does a stye affect vision?

A

No

50
Q

What are the main symptoms of a stye?

A
  • Painful yellow lump on or in the eyelid
  • Redness of eye or eyelid
  • A watery eye, in some cases
51
Q

What often happens with styes?

A

They get better withour treatment

52
Q

What is a Meibomian cyst, or Chalazion?

A

A common condition caused by a blockage of a gland in the eyelid

53
Q

Can Meibomian cysts get infected?

A

Rarely

54
Q

How can Meibomian cysts be treated?

A

With injection, or removed with small operation

55
Q

What are the symptoms of a Meibomian cyst?

A
  • Small lump on eyelid
  • Mild pain or irritation
56
Q

What is papillodema?

A

An optic disc swelling that is caused by increased intracranial pressure

57
Q

Give 5 examples of things that can cause raised intracranial pressure

A
  • Brain tumour
  • Hypotonia
  • Tumours of the frontal lobe
  • Glaucoma
  • Local lesion

ESA 4 - Head and Neck (30 decks)

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