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HS 205 > chapter 6 notecards > Flashcards

chapter 6 notecards Flashcards

1
Q

total amino acids

A

20

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2
Q

total essential amino acids

cannot be made by the body

A

9

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3
Q

nonessential amino acids

can be made by the body

A

11

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4
Q

conditonally essential

nonessential becomes essential

A

7

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5
Q

transfer amine group from one amino acid to another amino acid to make a new non-essential amino acid

A

transamination

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6
Q

amino acids are connected by _______

A

peptide bonds

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7
Q

sequential order of amino acids (order in which they appear in the protein)

A

primary structure

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8
Q

twist or folding (ribbon-like curling)

A

secondary structure

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9
Q

Further folding; 3D shape (globule) (when the ribbons curl back on each other)

A

tertiary structure

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10
Q

interaction of 2+ chains (multiple protein globules that have to come together for the proteins to perform their specific function)

A

quaternary structure

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11
Q 
removal of amine group
occurs in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
creates \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
liver converts to \_\_\_\_
this then travels to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
remaining C,H,O
A 
deamination
liver
ammonia
urea
kidney
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12
Q

chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions

A

enzymes

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13
Q

chemical messengers in the body (created in one part of the body and travel to distant sites in the body to perform their action)

A

hormones

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14
Q

transmit messages from nerve cell to nerve cell (chemical messengers particularly in our nervous system that help to communicate our nerve impulses from neuron to neuron)

A

neurotransmitters

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15
Q

shuttle electrolytes across cell membranes

A

transport proteins

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16
Q

– blood is too acidic (excessive hydrogen)

A

acidosis

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17
Q

blood is too basic (low hydrogen)

A

alkalosis

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18
Q

a substance that our body recognizes as “foreign” (ex. Bacteria, virus, toxins, allergens)
triggers an immune response

A

antigens

19
Q

special proteins in immune system that defend against disease
Specific to antigen
Attack and destroy substance

A

antibodies

20
Q

molecular “memory” of the body to produce antibodies if presented with substance again

A

immunity

21
Q

copy genetic information in DNA onto mRNA (in cell nucleus) (so the message can be carried out to the cytoplasm which is where protein creation occurs)

A

transcription

22
Q

mRNA translated to amino acid sequence-protein (at ribosomes in cytoplasm)

A

translation

23
Q

protein synthesis
______ leaves nucleus and travels to _____
binds to ribosome via ______
mRNA message requires specific amino acid sequence
____ binds to its specific amino acid
and carries amino acid to _______
amino acid is added to growing chain
______ returns to find another of its specific amino acids from the amino acid pool
at completion, protein is released from _____

A 
mRNA
cytoplasm
rRNA
tRNA
mRNA/ribosome complex
tRNA
ribosome
24
Q

contains sufficient amounts of all 9 essential amino acids

primarily ____ based foods

A

complete protein

animal

25
Q

does not contain all 9 essential amino acids in sufficient quantities
primarily _____ based foods

A

incomplete

plant

26
Q

combine 2 incomplete proteins to make a complete protein

A

mutual supplementation

27
Q

2 protein sources that together supply all nine essential amino acids (resulting food)
Example: beans and rice

A

complementary supplementation

28
Q

_____ grams of protein per kilogram of body weight (should be consumed daily; same for males and females)
_____% of total energy intake should be from protein

A

0.8

10-35%

29
Q

nitrogen consumption > nitrogen excretion

Need for periods of growth, pregnancy, recovery from illness, or protein deficiency

A

positive nitrogen balance

30
Q

nitrogen consumption < nitrogen excretion
Results from starvation, consumption of very-low-energy diets, severe illness, infections, serious burns, or injuries
**Someone that is really currently severely ill.

A

negative nitrogen balance

31
Q

Nitrogen Consumption = Nitrogen Excretion

found in healthy aduts who are not pregnant

A

nitrogen balance

32
Q 
The risks of too much dietary protein may include:
\_\_\_\_ cholesterol
\_\_\_\_\_ disease
possible \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ loss
\_\_\_\_\_ disease
A

high
heart
bone
kidney

33
Q

plant based diets
roots in ____ century
christian group in pennsylvania

A

vegetarianism

16th-18th

34
Q

introduced tofu to US in 1770

A

ben franklin

35
Q 
health benefits of vegetarianism
\_\_\_\_\_\_ loss
\_\_\_\_\_\_ disease
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ diabetes
\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A 
weight loss
cardiovascular disease
type 2 diabetes
cancer
osteosporosis
36
Q

protein digestion and absorption
proteins in food are crushed by chewing and moistened by saliva
mechanical only travels to stomach via _______

A

mouth

esophagus

37
Q 
protein dig and absorp
stomach
proteins are denatured by \_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is activated to break proteins into single amino acids and smaller polypeptides
in the \_\_\_\_ form
A

HCl
pepsin
active

38
Q

protein digestion and absoprtion
produces ______, released into SI
produces ________ to neutralize HCl in small intestine

A

proteases

bicarnonate

39
Q

protein digestion and absorption
small intestine
proteases are ______ to digst polypeptides into smaller units
cells in the wall of the small intestine complete the breakdown of all polypeptides into single amino acids via ________

A

secreted

peptidases

40
Q

protein dig and absorp
liver
amino acids are transported to the liver and sent to the cells as needed
used for energy; converted to _____ or ____; sent to cells

A

fat glucose

41
Q 
severely inadequate intakes of protein, energy, and other nutrients 
skin and bones
young children \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
symptoms:
severe wasting of muscle tissue
stunted physical growth
stunted brain development
anemia
A

marasmus

infants

42
Q 
disease resulting from extremely low protein intake
young children \_\_\_\_\_
shortly after \_\_\_\_\_
symptoms:
fast onset
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ --> swollen belly
fatty liver
dry brittle, \_\_\_\_\_\_ tinted hair
A 
kwashiorkor
1-3
weaning
edema
orange
43
Q

the constant breakdown and rebuilding of body cells

A

turnover

HS 205 (12 decks)

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