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Biology 2 > Chapter 29-30 (31-32) > Flashcards

Chapter 29-30 (31-32) Flashcards

1
Q

Fungi are _____ and _______

a. Fungi are essential for the well-being of most terrestrial ecosystems
b. They break down organic material and recycle vital nutrients

A

diverse and widespread

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2
Q

Fungi are _________ and absorb nutrients from outside of their body

A

heterotrophs

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3
Q

A __________ is an organism that cannot fix carbon from inorganic sources but uses organic carbon for growth.

A

heterotroph

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4
Q

Fungi use a number of ______ _____

1) Break down a large variety of complex molecules (including wood) into smaller organic compounds

A

hydrolytic enzymes

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5
Q

Fungi exhibit diverse lifestyles:

a. _______
b. _______
c. _______
d. _______

A

Decomposers
Parasites
Mutualists
Competitors

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6
Q

a. Microscopic fungi: _____ (single celled)

b. Macroscopic fungi: _____ (multicellular)

A

yeasts

molds

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7
Q

Some species grow as either filaments (called ______) or as yeasts (single cells)
Some can grow as both (______)

A

hyphae

dimorphic

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8
Q

Fungal Morphology

a. The morphology of multicellular fungi enhances their ability to absorb nutrients
b. Fungi consist of _____ or _____

A

hyphae

mycelia

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9
Q

_______: a network of branched hyphae adapted for absorption

A

Mycelium

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10
Q

Most fungi have cell walls made of ____

A

chitin

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11
Q

Some fungi have hyphae divided into cells by ____

A

Septa

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12
Q

____ (large gap junctions) are present in septa allowing cell-to-cell movement of organelles

A

Pores

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13
Q

Coenocytic fungi lack septa = ______

A

aseptate

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14
Q

_______ allow fungi to penetrate the tissues of their host

A

Haustoria

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15
Q

Fungi propagate themselves by producing vast numbers of ______
1) Spores can be sexual or asexual spores

A

spores

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16
Q

Fungi use sexual signaling molecules called _________ to communicate their mating type

A

pheromones

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17
Q

Sexual reproduction often happens when environmental conditions have become ________ to the fungus

A

unfavorable

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18
Q

_________ is the union of two parent mycelia

1) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ means a mixing of the cytoplasm 
2) This brings the two different nuclei close to each other
A

Plasmogamy

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19
Q

__________ occurs naturally in certain fungi, in which it results from the fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from different strains without the fusion of their nuclei. The cell, and the hypha or mycelium containing it, is known as a heterokaryon; the most common type of heterokaryon is a ________.

A

heterokaryotic.

dikaryon

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20
Q

__________ is the fusion of nuclei of different mating types

1) Hours, days, years or even centuries may pass following plasmogamy before nuclear fusion occurs
a) Nuclear fusion is called

A

Karyogamy

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21
Q

1) Molds produce _______ _______ (conidiospores) by mitosis and form visible mycelia
2) Other fungi that can reproduce asexually are yeasts
a) Yeasts inhabit moist environments

A

haploid spore

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22
Q

Opisthokont Clade

a. Fungi, animals, and some protistan relatives form the opisthokonts clade
b. DNA evidence suggests that fungi are most closely related to unicellular nucleariids (cellular slime molds)
c. DNA evidence suggests that animals are most closely related to unicellular choanoflagellates

A

opisthokonts clade

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23
Q

. The oldest undisputed fossils of fungi are only about ___# million years old

A

480million

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24
Q

Are Microsporidia Closely Related to Fungi?

a. Microsporidia are unicellular parasites of animals and protists
1) They have tiny organelles derived from mitochondria
2) However, these are not conventional mitochondria

A

Molecular comparisons indicate they may be closely related to fungi

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25
Q 
Glomeromycetes: A wide-spread and important symbiosis in nature
Common name:
Spore structure
Sex:
Function:
A 
Glomeromycetes
Enoomycorrhizal Fungus
Clusters, Hyphal tips
???
Symbiont on plant roots (Mosses, fungus and Angiosperm)
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26
Q 
Chytrioomycetes: Members are found in soil, fresh water, and saline estuaries
Common name:
Spore structure
Sex:
Function:
A 
Chytrioomycetes
Water Molds
Single Spores, hyphal tips
asexual reproduction
Decomposers in water environment
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27
Q 
zygomycetes: They are mostly terrestrial in habitat, living in soil or on decaying plant or animal material
Common name:
Spore structure
Sex:
Function:
A 
zygomycetes
Bread Molds
Zygoporagion (BIG SAC OF SPORES)
Asex or Sex (can do bot
Decomposers, parasites on plants.
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28
Q 
Ascomycetes: is a division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, form the subkingdom Dikarya.
Common name:
Spore structure:
Sex:
Function:
A 
Ascomycetes
Cup Fungi
Spores (#4) are lined up in a sac
Asex or Sex
Biggest group symbionts
Parasites, Decomposes Mushrooms
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29
Q 
S.Bastdomycetes: is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya 
Common name:
Spore structure:
Sex:
Function:
A 
S.Bastdomycetes
Club Fungi
Basidospores are found 4 to a club
Asex or Sex
Symbionsts (extomycorpha
Decomposers
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30
Q

Fungi as Decomposers

a. Fungi are efficient decomposers
b. They perform essential recycling of ______ _____

A

chemical elements

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31
Q

Fungus-Animal Symbioses

1) Some fungi share their digestive services with animals
2) These fungi help break down plant material in the guts of cows and other grazing mammals (ruminants = animals with rumens)

A

Fungus-Animal Symbioses

1) Some fungi share their digestive services with animals
2) These fungi help break down plant material in the guts of cows and other grazing mammals (ruminants = animals with rumens)

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32
Q

1) ____ are a symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism (algae) and a fungus
a) Millions of photosynthetic cells are held in a mass of fungal mycelium

A

Lichens

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33
Q

Fungi as Pathogens

a. About 30% of known fungal species are parasites or pathogens
a) Mostly on or in plants
b. Some fungi that attack food crops produce substances (__________) that are toxic to humans (disease = _____)

A

mycotoxins

mycosis

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34
Q

Practical Uses of Fungi

a. Humans eat many fungi
b. Use other fungi to make cheeses, alcoholic beverages, and bread
c. Some fungi are used to produce antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections
1) For example, the ascomycete Penicillium

A

Practical Uses of Fungi

a. Humans eat many fungi
b. Use other fungi to make cheeses, alcoholic beverages, and bread
c. Some fungi are used to produce antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections
1) For example, the ascomycete Penicillium

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35
Q

Animal Kingdom is _________

A

Monophyletic

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36
Q

.Tissue Types

________(all animals): have some specialized cells

A

Metazoa

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37
Q

.Tissue Types
Metazoa is divided into two general categories.
a) _______ (no specialized tissue or organs)
b) _______ (more than one type of tissue and organs)

A

Parazoa, like sponges

Eumetazoa, like insects

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38
Q

.Symmetry

Eurmetazoa are Radially symmetrical (______) or Bilaterally symmetrical (________).

A

Radiata

Bilateria

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39
Q

Bilateria animels have ___________ (head and tail) and dorcal and ventral sides.

A

cephalization

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40
Q

General pattern for embryo development
Ovum+Sperm–>Zygote–>Cell cluster–> ______ (one cell layer = ectoderm)–> Gastrulation (invagination) to produce a second cell layer = edoderm)–> Gastrula (2 layers initially)

A

Blastula (one cell layer = ectoderm)

41
Q

Later in some species, formation of a third layer, a middle layer______

A

Mesoderm

42
Q

Radial animes have oral and aboral sides

Only two germ layers = Diploblastic (______)

A

Radiata

43
Q

Bilateral animals are triploblastic (_______)

3 gem layers present

A

(Bilateria)

44
Q

Inner-Layer _______

A

Endoderm

45
Q

Outer layer_______

A

Ectoderm

46
Q 
Middle layer\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (3rd layer)
found only in bilateral animes, forms organs and muscles
A

Mesoderm

47
Q

.Body Cavity

_____ ______ - body cavity is completely lined with mesoderm

A

True Coelom or Coelom

48
Q

.Body Cavity

___________ - coelom is not completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm

A

Pseudocoelom

49
Q

.Body Cavity
________ - Lack a body cavity entirely
Fluid filled body cavity can protect internal organs.

A

Acoelom

50
Q

.Embryonic Development
________-Spiral cleavage, cleavage determinate.
Blastopore becomes ____

A

Protostome

Mouth

51
Q

.Embryonic Development
________-Radial Cleavage, cleavage is indeterminate.
Blastopore becomes ___

A

Deuterostome

Anus

52
Q 
4 main morphological and developemental features used
a)
b)
c)
d)
A

Presence or absence of different tissue types
Type of body symmerty
Presence or absence of a true body cavity
Patterns of embryonic development

53
Q

Out of the 11 Major Phyla only 1 of them are not _______

A

Eumetazoa

54
Q

1._______ (sponges) = only phyla that is in the Parazoa

A

Porifera

55
Q

2.______ (jellyfish) and ________ (comb jellies) = Radiata

A

Phyla Cnidaria / Ctenophora

56
Q

3.________ (Flatworms)

A

Platyhelminthes

57
Q

4.________ Common name: feeding tentacle or tube worm. Sea mats, sea mos

A

Lophophorata

58
Q

5._______ named for ciliated crown or corona (wheel animals)

A

Rotifera

59
Q

6.______ Soft body with, in many species, protective external shell. (mollusks

A

Mollusca

60
Q

7.______. Rings are distinct segments separated by a septum (segmented worms)

A

Annelida

61
Q

9.

A

Arthropods

62
Q

9.______:Perhaps most successful phylum 75%
(¾) of all described living species
(insects, spiders, crabs)

A

Arthropods

63
Q

10.__________-Sea stars, uchins ….

A

Echinoderata

64
Q

11._________-

mammals, fish, birds, reptiles

A

Chordata

65
Q

Land presented challenges: a ____ _____ and lack of ______ ______
a. The accumulation of traits that facilitated survival on land may have opened the way to its colonization by plants

A

scarcity of water

structural support

66
Q 
Four key traits appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes:
a.   
b.   
c.   
d.
A

a. Alternation of generations (with multicellular, dependent embryos)
b. Walled spores produced in sporangia
c. Multicellular gametangia
d. Apical meristems

67
Q 
Additional derived traits
\_\_\_
\_\_\_
\_\_\_
(mycorrhizal associations) and the first land plants may have helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients
A

a. Cuticle
b. Secondary compounds evolved in many plant species
c. Symbiotic associations between fungi (mycorrhizal associations) and the first land plants may have helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients

68
Q

A haploid (n) spore germinates (either male or female), grows vegetatively, and forms the ________

A

gametophyte

69
Q

The gametes are formed in the ___________ (two types, ♀ and ♂)

A

gametangia

70
Q

Male (♂) gametophyte (n): produces the _________

A

antheridium

71
Q

Female (♀): Nucleus acceptor, formed in the _______

A

archegonium

72
Q

The zygote produces an _______

A

embryo (2n)

73
Q

The embryo grows to produce a _________

A

sporophyte

74
Q

The sporophyte gives rise to the ______

A

sporangia

75
Q

Within the sporangia, ______ are produced

A

sporogonia

76
Q

Nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo through _________ _______ _____ (nurse cells)

A

placental transfer cells

77
Q

Spore walls contain __________, which makes them resistant to harsh environments

A

sporopollenin

78
Q

Bryophytes: ___ vasculature, __ real seeds, __ reserves for embryo

A

NO

79
Q

_______ (club mosses and their relatives), the most important group are the Bryophytes

A

Lycophytes

80
Q

_________ (ferns and their relatives)

____Vasculature, __ real seeds, __ reserves for embryo

A

Pterophytes

Vasculature, NO real seeds, NO reserves for embryo

81
Q

Seedless vascular plants are

A

paraphyletic

82
Q

________, the “naked seed” plants, including the conifers

____Vasculature, ___Real seeds, ___ reserves for embryo

A

Gymnosperms

Vasculature, Real seeds, NO reserves for embryo

83
Q

the flowering plants

____Vasculature, ____Real seeds, ___Reserves for embryo (fruit)

A

Angiosperms

Vasculature, Real seeds, Reserves for embryo (fruit)

84
Q

A sporophyte consists of a:

1)
2) (stalk)
3) also called a capsule

A

1) Foot
2) Seta (stalk)
3) Sporangium, also called a capsule

85
Q

_________: The Rule among Seed Plants

A

Heterospory

86
Q

Gymnosperm megaspores have ___ integument

A

one integument

87
Q

Angiosperm megaspores usually have ___ integuments

A

two integuments

88
Q

Gymnosperm Evolution

1) Fossil evidence reveals that some plants had begun to acquire some adaptations that characterize seed plants
a) Early plants were called __________,
b) Happened in the late Devonian period

A

progymnosperms

89
Q

Gymnosperms were better suited than nonvascular plants to

A

drier conditions

90
Q

The familiar larger cones contain ovules

1) Produce _________ (♀) that develop into female gametophytes (♀)

A

megaspores

91
Q

______ (or Pistils), which produce ovules

A

Carpels

92
Q

______ a long extension, through which a pollen tube grows

(1) A pollen tube can also be called a germ tube

A

Style

93
Q

_______on top, sticky, where pollen is received

A

Stigma

94
Q

Hypocotyl develops into the _____ ________ (develops into the rest of the Root)

A

Radicle Meristem

95
Q

______ (one cotyledon)

______ (“true” dicots, two cotyledons)

A

Monocots

Eudicots`

96
Q

Fungi consist of hyphae or mycelia

________: a network of branched hyphae adapted for absorption

A

Mycelium

97
Q

______ allow fungi to penetrate the tissues of their host

A

Haustoria

98
Q

Develops from the endosperm, a special tissue that is ______

A

triploid (3n)

99
Q

A flower is a specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves:

1) ______, which enclose the flower
2) _____, which are brightly colored and attract pollinators
3) _____, which produce pollen

A

Sepals
Petals
Stamens

Biology 2 (9 decks)

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