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Year 2 - LCRS > Anatomy - HNS > Flashcards

Anatomy - HNS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main herniations you need to know

A

1) Subfalcine herniation 2) Uncal herniation 3) Tonsillar herniation

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2
Q

Which part of the brain herniates in a subfalcine herniation ?

A

Frontal lobe herniates under the falx cerebri This is not clinically significant

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3
Q

Which part of the brain herniates in an uncal herniation

A

The uncus of the temporal lobe herniates below the tentorium cerebelli and compresses the midbrain This can lead to loss of consciousness

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4
Q

Which part of the brain herniates in a Tonsillar herniation

A

The cerebellar tonsils move downward through the foramen magnum possibly causing compression of the medulla This can lead to cardiorespiratory arrest

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5
Q

Outline the drainage of CSF

A

The choroid plexi create CSF in each lateral ventricle Lateral ventricles->inter ventricular foramina ->the third ventricle ->cerebral aqueduct ->the fourth ventricle Then into the subarachnoid space

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6
Q

The internal carotid artery enters the cranium through which foramen?

A

Carotid canal

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7
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14
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15
Q

Lis the nerves (5) and artery that run through the cavernous sinus

A

CN3
CN4

Opthalmic and maxillar CN 51 CN52

CN6

Internal carotid

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16
Q
A

—Anterior longitudinal ligament – covers and connects the anterior aspect of the vertebral bodies

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17
Q
A

—Ligamentum flava – between vertebral arches

18
Q
A

—Posterior longitudinal ligament – runs within the vertebral canal on the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies

19
Q
A
20
Q
A

—Interspinous – between adjacent spinous processes

21
Q
A

—Supraspinous – between the tips of the spinous processes

22
Q

Which ligament is often injured in whiplash injures

A

Anterior longitudinal

23
Q

Describe the cough afferent and efferent pathways and what controls it

A
  • Vagus afferents trigger inhalation ->
  • Glottis closed and contracting abdominals
  • >raised intra-thoracic pressure
  • soft palate raised and tensed against posterior wall of pharynx by
  • *-levator veli palantini CN X**
  • *-superior constrictor, CN X**
  • *-tensor veli palantini CN V3**
  • -> abduction of vocal cords releasing intra-thoracic pressure through mouth
24
Q

Name cranial nerves that have a parasympathetic function

A

Oculomotor III

Facial VII

Glossopharyngeal IX

Vagus X

25
Q

What are the two small muscles of the ear and what are their actions?

A

—Tensor tympani muscle (V3): Pulls the handle of the malleus medially. This tenses the tympanic membrane, reducing the force of vibrations in response to loud noises

—Stapedius (VII): Pulls the stapes posteriorly to prevent excessive oscillation

26
Q

Which nerve is the a fferent divions of the sneeze reflex?

A

V2

27
Q

Which nerve is the a fferent divions of the cough reflex?

A

X

28
Q

Which muslces depress the soft paalte agains the tongue in a sneeze?

A

Palatopharyngeus/palatoglossus (X)

29
Q

Which muslces raise the soft palate against the posterior wall of the pharynx in a cough ?

A

Levator veli palatine (X),
Tensor veli palatine (V3),
Superior constrictor (X)

30
Q

Name 6 functions of the facial nerve ?

A

—Salivation: VII provides GVE fibres from the superior salivary nucleus destined for submandibular and sublingual salivary glands via the SUBMANDIBULAR ganglion

—Lacrimation: VII provides GVE fibres from the superior salivary nucleus destined for LACRIMAL gland via PTERYGOPALATINE ganglion.

—Facial expression; SVE fibres to facial muscles.

—Tension on middle ear bones; innervation to stapedius

—Taste; SVA fibres from anterior two thirds of tongue to the solitary nucleus via the geniculate ganglion

—Mastication and swallowing: SVE fibres to the buccinator (mastication), raising larynx during swallowing, innervates stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric

—General sensation: To the external auditory meatus

31
Q

Describe the major branches of the external carotid artery

A

Superior thyroid

Ascending Pharyngeal

Lingual

Facial

Occipital

Posterior auricular

Maxillary

Superficial temporal

—

32
Q

What are the limits of the pharynx?

A

Sup: Base of skull

Inferior limit CV1

33
Q

Which nerve innervates all the extrinsic muscles of the tongue and what is the exception?

A

—hypoglossal nerve (XII)

—EXCEPTION: Palatoglossus, innervated by the Vagus (X)

34
Q

What are the 3 borders of the anterior triangle?

A

—Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

—Midline

—Inferior border of mandible

35
Q

Muscles in the anterior triangle

A

—The giant muscle, the platysma, covers the entire anterior of the neck in the superficial fascia

——TOSS My Gravy Spoon Darling

Otherwise there are 2 main muscle groups:

—Suprahyoid (x4)

—above the hyoid bone – consist of the

  • mylohyoid,
  • geniohyoid
  • stylohyoid,
  • digastric.

—Infrahyoid (x4)A.k.a strap muscles

—below the hyoid bone –

  • thyrohyoid muscles
  • omohyoid,
  • sternothyroid and
  • sternohyoid,
36
Q

Which muscles are both innervated by C1 fibres from the hypoglossal nerve

A

: The geniohyoid and the thyrohyoid

37
Q

Borders of posterior triangle?

A

—Posterior border of sternocleidomastoid

—Anterior border of trapezius

—Middle 1/3 clavicle

38
Q

What is the contents of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

—4 vessels and 4 nerves

—External + internal jugular veins

—Subclavian arteries + subclavian veins

—Trunks of brachial plexus

—Spinal accessory

—Phrenic nerve

—Vagus nerve

39
Q

What muscles does the Spinal accessory nerve innervate?

A

—Innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

40
Q

indicate the landmarks for insertion of a central line into the internal jugular vein

A

—Palpate common carotid

—Go lateral and insert needle at 30 degree angle

—Aim at apex of the triangle of the sternal and clavicular heads of the SCM

—Direct towards nipple

41
Q
A

Year 2 - LCRS (9 decks)

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