Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Applications Animal Health > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

What is mouth cavity proper bound by laterally?

A

Dental arcades

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the cavity called lateral to teeth?

A

Vestibule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Muscular cross over point between alimentary and respiratory tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe pH of stomach

A

Low pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe pH of small intestines

A

Low pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe pH of large intestine

A

Higher pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 4x layers [and their constituent layers] of the GIT wall? (parietal –> serosal)

A
  1. Mucosa [epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa]
  2. Submucosa [Loose CT, nerves, vessels, lymphatics, mucus secreting glands]
  3. Muscularis externa [inner circular smooth muscle, outer longitudinal smooth muscle]
  4. Outer CT/ Serosa [loose CT covered by visceral peritoneum]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are intrinsic accessory glands

A

Those in GIT walls that secrete mucus/ enzymes into lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are extrinsic accessory glands

A

Those that are outside GIT and deliver products via ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Examples of extrinsic accessory glands

A

Salivary/ pancreas/ liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the cranial abdomen region include?

A

Xiphoid process of sternum, Left and right hypochondrial (cartilage of ribs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the three regions of the abdomen bound by transverse planes?

A

Cranial - Middle - Caudal

Cranial is biggest as it extends far cranial between ribs of each side

Caudal is smallest, as it ends caudally at pelvic inlet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the middle abdomen region include?

A

Umbilicus; left and right flank as defined by paralumbar fossar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the caudal abdomen region include?

A

Pubic brim; left & right inguinal canals (this creates femoral triangle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the abdomen’s cranial boundary?

A

Diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the abdomen’s dorsal boundary? (3)

A

Lumbar vertebrae; sublumbar muscles; arms of diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the abdomen’s lateral boundaries?

A

Diaphragm, 3x muscles of body wall [internal/ external abdominal oblique, transverse abdominal mm), left and right ilium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the abdomen’s ventral boundary?

A

Left and right rectus abdomens mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the abdomen’s caudal boundary?

A

Pelvic inlet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is the peritoneum tethered?

A

Dorsal part of body wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the name of the peritoneum that lines body cavity

A

Parietal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is name of peritoneum that lines organs

A

Visceral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the connecting peritoneums of the stomach

A

Greater and lesser omentum (double layers, v thin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the greater omentum

A

Covers most of ventral abdominal cavity, sits between body wall and intestines for protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the two sagittal planes of the abdomen?

A

Left and right hypochondriac regions and median xiphoid region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where is the abdomen??

A

From diaphragm to pelvis, muscle and bone bound cavity, lined internally by the transversalis fascia, which is c`overed in most places by peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the SI responsible for absorption of?

A

Fat, protein, digested carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the LI responsible for?

A

Water adsorption +/- fermentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Describe the peritoneum

A
  • Simple squamous mesothelium on CT layer
  • Semi-permeable to water and small molecules
  • Secretes peritoneal fluid, WBC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are 3 types of peritoneum?

A
  1. Parietal
  2. Viscleral
  3. Connecting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is parietal peritoneum?

A

Attached to wall abdominal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is visceral peritoneum?

A

Lining internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is connecting peritoneum?

A

Achor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Describe the mesentery

A

anchors intestines to dorsal body wall. Great mesentery attaches the SI to the roof at the 1st & 2nd lumbar vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Describe the mesocolon

A

Attaches the LI to dorsal body wall & continues as mesorectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Describe greater omentum

A

Originates from stomach and covers most of ventral body wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Connective peritoneum is also known as (3) ?

A

Ligaments, omenta, mesenteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Describe the lesser omentum?

A

Connects lesser curvature of stomach to liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Function ameloblasts?

A

Make enamel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Function odontoblasts?

A

Make dentine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Function cementoblasts?

A

Make cementum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the 5x main structures of the tooth?

A 
Enamel (covering) 
Dentine (laid down with age)
Cementum (supports/ covers brachydont)
Pulp cavity (NV/BV/CT)
Alveolus/Peridontal ligament (embed in alveolus socket)
Gingiva (sulcus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is dental formula dog?

A

3 1 4 2/ 3 1 4 3 x 2 = 42

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is dental formula of cat?

A

3 1 3 1/ 3 1 2 1 x 2= 30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is dental formula horse

A

3 1(0) 3(4) 3/ 3 1(0) 3 (4) 3 x 2 = 36-44

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How to age horse teeth?

A

Infundibulum
Mark
Star

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Does infundibulum get more or less black with age?

A

Less (cup not as full of cementum as ages)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Is star on lingual or labial surface?

A

Labial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

until what age do horses teeth grow?

A

17yrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the P1 horse tooth?

A

Wolf tooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Does the equine P1 have a deciduous precursor

A

No (wolf tooth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are 11 ways to age teeth?

A
  • Eruption time of deciduous vs. permanent teeth
  • changes in incisors
  • Occlusal morphology
  • Teeth in wear
  • Tooth shape with wear
  • Stain
  • Dental cup/mark
  • Curvature of dental arch of lower incisors
  • Angle of incisors
  • Hooks
  • Galvayne’s groove
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Which parts of GIT have muscular mucosal in lamina propria?

A

Everywhere but oral mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Where is muscular tunic skeletal muscle vs. smooth muscle in GIT?

A

Skeletal –> tongue/ palate/ cheeks

Smooth –> elsewhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What are lips and cheeks innervated by?

A

CN VII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What’re the 3 main muscles of the tongue?

A

Styloglossus, Hyoglossus, Genioglossus, lingual intrinsic muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is the action of the temporalis muscle?

A

Pulls mandible up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Is Temporalis larger in carni or herbs?

A

Carnivore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Where is temporalis muscle?

A

Covers frontal/ parietal/ temporal/ occipital bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Where is masseter muscle?

A

Maxillary region & zygomatic arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what is function of masseter?

A

Raises mandible, moves mandible laterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is the function of the pterygoids?

A

Close jaw, move jaw medially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is the function of the digastrics?

A

Opening movement of chewing

64
Q

Where is diagastricus

A

from occipital bone to mandible, caudal to temperomandibular joint

65
Q

Describe temperomandibular joint

A

Articulares b/w zygomatic process temporal bone and condyloid process of mandible

66
Q

How does temperomandibular joint differ between herbivores and carnivores?

A

Intra articular disc in herbivores flattened allowing grinding and complex movement

Bony processes surrounding joint in carnivores makes a hinge

67
Q

Where is oropharynx

A

Ventral to soft palate, essentially tongue area

68
Q

Where is nasopharynx

A

Dorsal to hard & soft palate, from internal nostrils to free boundary soft palate

69
Q

Where is laryngopharynx

A

Dorsal to larynx

70
Q

What is the function of the dilator muscles in rostral pharynx

A

widen for bolus

71
Q

What is the function of the constrictor muscles in dorsal midline of pharynx

A

move bolus

72
Q

What is the function of the shortener muscles in rostral-caudal pharynx

A

Shorten pharynx

73
Q

What are the roentgen signs?

A 
Size 
Shape 
Margins 
Location 
Opacity
74
Q

Describe flora transition during bacterial plaque invasion

A

G+ to G- for gingivitis/ periodontitis/ stomatitis

75
Q

Define gingivitis

A

Reversible inflammation of the gingiva associated with plaque. Oedema of the gingival margin can produce pseudo pockets

76
Q

Define periodontitis

A

Irreversible loss of CT attachement with true pocket formation. Preceded by gingivitis and bacterial plaque is culprit. Hallmark is attachment loss.

77
Q

Define Random burst theory

A

PD progresses as brief episodes of acute inflammation with longer periods of quiescence

78
Q

Define stomatitis

A

Lesions throughout oral mucosa that is not GV/ PD

79
Q

Define plaque

A

Pellicle protein forming on tooth that prevent deposition of salivary calcium phosphate good medium for bacteria attachment

80
Q

Define calculus

A

Mineralised plaque

81
Q

Describe sequence of events leading to pellicle and plaque deposition

A

Saliva baths tooth attachment of glycoproteins/ mucopolysaccharides, Bacterial colonisation by mainly G+ into gingival sulcus & inflammation, Maturation of plaque to G-

82
Q

What are secondary factors leading to PD pocket formation?

A

Crowding, malocclusions, deciduous teeth retention, mouth breathing, plaque rententive diet, concurrent Dx

83
Q

Describe best control of PD

A

Combination mechanical and chemical control

84
Q

Describe how the epithelium protects against PD

A

Oral mucosa forms tight gingival sulcus

85
Q

Describe how inflammatory response contributes to PD

A

If flow of inflammatory cells disrupts the oral epithelium, ulceration occurs and bacteria flood CT. Complement produces further tissue destruction and leads to possible bone resorption.

86
Q

Describe how saliva protects against PD

A

Antibacterial proteins, histatins (angtifungal/ antiyeast), secretory igG by local B cells

87
Q

What is xerostomia

A

Reduced salivary volume

88
Q

Describe crevicular fluid

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, Macrophages, T, B cells most humoral components of blood

89
Q

Describe how tooth anatomy protects from PD

A

Conical shape, hard smooth enamel, 2ary dentine laid down to protect pulp

90
Q

What is tooth resorption?

A

Progressive resorption of dentine beginning at cemento-enamel junction

91
Q

Where is tooth resorption most common

A

Mesial premolars at buccal side

92
Q

What secretions to parotid gland produce?

A

Serous

93
Q

Where does parotid gland open?

A

Adjacent to upper P4

94
Q

Where does mandibular gland open?

A

Sublingual caruncle

95
Q

What secretions does mandibular gland produce?

A

Muco-serous

96
Q

Where does sublingual gland open?

A

Sublingual caruncle

97
Q

What secretions does sunlingual gland produce?

A

Muco-serous

98
Q

Where does buccal gland open

A

Buccal cavity

99
Q

What secretions do buccal gland produce?

A

Serous

100
Q

Where does zygomatic gland open?

A

Opposite last molar

101
Q

What secretions to zygomatic gland produce?

A

Serous

102
Q

What are the only species with zygomatic glands?

A

Dog/ cat

103
Q

Describe the gland structure

A

Acinus –> intercalated duct –> striated duct –> interlobular duct –> primary duct

104
Q

Describe histology of serous acini

A

Pyramidal cells w/ round basal nuclei, basophilic perinuclear cytoplasm, secretory granules in apical cytoplasm

105
Q

Describe histology of mucus acini

A

Cells swollen with mucus secretions, flattened basal nucleus

106
Q

Describe histology of intercalated duct

A

Low cuboidal epithelium

107
Q

Describe histology of striated duct

A

Columnar epithelium with basal striations due to mitochondrial alignment

108
Q

Describe histology of interlobular duct

A

Simple columnar/ stratified columnar epithelium

109
Q

Which muscle rapidly contracts during swallowing

A

Mylohyoideus

110
Q

Describe motility patterns of larynx during swallowing

A

Soft palate raised, glottis closed, hyoid apparatus drawn rostrally, pharynx shortened

111
Q

Describe the path of the cervical oesophagus

A

Begins dorsal to cricoid cartilage (larynx) and to LHS trachea, by time reaches thorax is dorsal to trachea and medial to jugular groove

112
Q

Describe path of thoracic oesophagus

A

Enters thoracic inlet, is within the mediastinum membrane in the thorax, passes dorsal to base of heart and trachea bifurcation, leaves via oesophageal hiatus of diaphgragm

113
Q

Describe path of abdominal oesophagus

A

Passes over dorsal border of liver (indent) to join dorsal stomach at cardia

114
Q

Describe epithelium of oesophagus

A

Stratified squamous +/- keratinised)

115
Q

Describe lamina propria of oesophagus

A

Collagen, elastic fibres, leucocytes, ducts of submucosal glands

116
Q

Which part of oesophagus is muscularis mucosae found?

A

Caudal end

117
Q

Describe species variation in terms of different types of muscularis mucosa in the oesophagus

A

Dogs/ ruminants have skeletal muscle, Other species have cranial skeletal muscle and smooth in caudal 1/3rd

118
Q

Describe submucosa of oesophagus

A

Loose CT, collagen, glands, BV

119
Q

Describe muscularis externa of oesophagus

A

Form cranial & caudal oesophageal sphincters

120
Q

Describe where is adventitia or serosa in oesophagus

A

Adventitia in cervical portion where CT merges with surrounding structures, seroca in thorax and abdomen where CT covered by epithelial layer

121
Q

List 4 consecutive stomachs of ruminants

A

Reticulum rumen abomasum omasum

122
Q

Where is the reticulum?

A

LHS cranial to rumen

123
Q

Where is omasum?

A

RHS of rumen/ reticulum

124
Q

Where is abomasum?

A

Elongated on abdominal floor

125
Q

Where is rumen?

A

LHS most of abdomo cavity

126
Q

External pressure where will elicit pain response in case of reticulitis?

A

Xiphoid process

127
Q

Which ribs help define boundary of reticulum?

A

6th-8th ribs (lateral boundaries)
Most forward part of diaphragm
Lies dorsal to xiphoid process

128
Q

Does reticulum occupy more space in ox or sheep?

A

Sheep

129
Q

What does the visceral surface of the reticulum touch?

A

The atrium of the rumen

130
Q

How many “openings” does the reticulum have??

A

3 (Cardia/ reticular groove/ reticular folds)

131
Q

Describe the reticulum’s 3 “openings”

A

Cardia= where oesophagus opens into reticulum (& rumen!)
Ruminoreticular orifice= the wide opening b/w the rumen and reticulum which communicate over the U-shaped fold
Reticulo-omasal orifice= Extends from the cardia to the reticule-omasal orifice

132
Q

Where does the cardia open into in ruminants?

A

Both the rumen and the reticulum

133
Q

Describe the primary reticular folds of the reticulum plz

A

Primary fold ridges form honeycomb-like pattern
Shorter 2ary folds within cells
Low papillae on both 1ary and 2ary folds

134
Q

Describe the layers of reticular wall

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. Serosa
135
Q

What is the function of the reticulum?

A

-Seive for coarse material –> passes back to rumen & fine material to omasum

136
Q

Describe the space that the rumen occupies?

A

Left half abdominal cavity from 8th rib to pelvic inlet. Abdominal roof to floor and across midline in left body. (80% total stomach capacity)

137
Q

Where does the greater omentum originate from?

A

Right longitudinal groove of rumen

138
Q

Describe the ruminal mucosal surface

A

Long, numerous papillae on ventral and dorsal caudal blind sacs
Fewer & less prominent in ventral sac
Short/ absent on dorsal sac (gas here instead)

Note: VFAs stimulate development of papillae

139
Q

Which GIT compartments of ruminants feature muscle layers in the papillae?

A 
1ary papillae of the reticulum (discontinuous from muscular externa)
Omasum papillae (continuous from muscular external layer) 
None in rumen papillae!
140
Q

What are 5 salient features & functions of the rumen?

A
  1. Mix ingesta
  2. Absorb VFAs
  3. Papillae inc SA for absorption & assist mixing
  4. Papillae act as heating rods to speed up fermentation
  5. Rumination & eructation
141
Q

Describe the location of the omasum

A

Right of the midline from 7th to 11th rib. Next to the rumen & reticulum

142
Q

What is the right side of the omasum covered by/ connected to?

A

The lesser omentum

143
Q

What are the two openings to/ from the omasum?

A

Reticulo-omasal orifice

Omaso-abomasal orifice

144
Q

Describe the omasal laminae

A

Many parallel folds of four different sizes. Core of the laminae contains elements of the lamina muscularis mucosae and tunica muscularis

145
Q

What is the function of the omasum?

A

Absorbs FAs, water, salts
Two-stage pump for transfer of ingest from the reticulum to the abomasum
Sieve for particle separation

146
Q

What is an alternative term for the abomasum

A

True stomach

147
Q

Describe the position and gross anatomic features of the abomasum

A

Elongated & lies on abdominal floor, between ventral sac of rumen and reticulum.
Large cranial pole and fundus & narrow caudal pole at pyloric region

148
Q

Name the two openings to the abomasum

A

omaso-abomasal orifice

pylorus

149
Q

Describe the mucosa of the abomasum

A

Dark coloured mucosa present in spiral folds at fundus & body, dec approaching flexure.
Torus is the lighter coloured mucosa of the pylorus has a few low rugae.

Mucosa has a thick muscular mucosa –> submucosa –> muscular externa –> serosa only present at origin of the momentum

150
Q

What is the function of the abomasum

A

Glands produce digestive enzymes and Hil for digestion and mucus for protection.

151
Q

What is the function of the gastric groove?

A

A conduit for conveying milk from the oesophagus into the abomasum (bypassing the rumen).

Formed by the two muscular folds of the reticular groove meeting (folding into a tube) and passing ventrally on on the medial wall of the atrium + reticulum (bypassing rumen & reticulum) and Omasal groove from reticule-omasal orifice to omaso-abomasal orifice to bypass omasum!!

152
Q

Which artery supplies blood to the compound stomach of the ruminant?

A

Branches of the celiac artery

153
Q

Which veins empty the ruminant GIT

A

Satellite veins draining to portal vein

154
Q

Which nerves supply the compound stomach of the rumen?

A

Branches from the dorsal and ventral trunks of the vagus nerve

155
Q

The reticulum smaller or larger in small ruminants?

A

Larger (7-8% total stomach capacity)

Applications Animal Health (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions