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Applications Animal Health > Liver in Health > Flashcards

Liver in Health Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the boundaries of the liver

A

Between diaphragm cranial, stomach & intestines caudally

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2
Q

Where does the bulk of the liver lie?

A

on the RHS of the cranial abdominal cavity, some is beyond ribcage on LHS in dog

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3
Q

How is liver attached to surrounding structures?

A

Closely attached to diaphragm, caecum and right kidney via ligaments + pressure of viscera

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4
Q

Describe the canine liver

A

Deeply lobulated.
R:L = 3:2
Almost entire costa
Has gall bladder

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5
Q

Describe the pig liver

A 
Speckled surface
Gall bladder (single duct)
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6
Q

Describe the positioning of the avian liver

A

Do diaphragm so liver wraps around heart

Gall bladder

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7
Q

Describe the equine liver

A

Smaller, lobes less distinct

long axis oblique (right lobe dorsal to left lobe)

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8
Q

How many lobes does the equine liver have?

A

Left/ quadrate/ right/ caudate

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9
Q

Describe bile path in horse

A

No gall bladder- bile duct opens at major duodenal papilla in conjunction with pancreatic duct

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10
Q

Describe liver in cow

A

Rotated 90deg, virtually all on RHS, largely covered by lung
Elongated gall bladder, bile duct opens without pancreatic duct

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11
Q

Where might the bovine liver be palpated?

A

Cranial right paralumbar fossa

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12
Q

Describe the dorsal and ventral borders of the liver

A

Dorsal –> midline groove for vena cava, LHS notch for oesophagus
Ventral –> Sharp edges, notch for kidney

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13
Q

Name the lobes of the liver

A

L Lateral, L medial, Quadrate, R lateral, R medial, Caudate

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14
Q

Where is gall bladder found?

A

Quadrate lobe

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15
Q

Which connecting peritoneum originates from the liver?

A

Lesser omentum

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16
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

Bile production
Protein/ carbohydrate/ fat metabolism role (drains blood from GIT)
Detoxification/ biotransformation/ synthesis/ storage/ phagocytosis

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17
Q

What are the processes of the caudate lobe?

A

Papillary and caudate processes

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18
Q

What are the ligaments of the liver?

A

R, L triangular
Coronary
Falciform
Lesser omentum

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19
Q

Describe the attachment properties of the coronary ligament

A

Ligament surrounds caudal vena cava on cranial aspect, attaches strongly to diaphragm

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20
Q

Describe the importance of the hepatic artery to the liver

A

Supply oxygenated blood,

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21
Q

Describe the importance of the hepatic artery to the liver

A

Supply most oxygenated blood, 20%

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22
Q

Describe how blood is collected from the liver

A

Single set of veins –> open into caudal vena cava

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23
Q

Describe properties of L R triangular ligaments

A

Attach liver to diaphragm at site of veins

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24
Q

Describe properties of falciform ligament

A

Attaches L R medial lobes of liver, and liver to ventral body wall

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25
Q

Describe properties of round ligament

A

Vestigial umbilical vein, free margin of falciform ligament

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26
Q

Where is the gall bladder found?

A

Between quadrate and right medial lobes

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27
Q

Describe the bile duct system

A

Microscopic canaliculi between hepatic veins –> ductules –> common hepatic duct leaves portal area –> opens at duodenum

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28
Q

Which nervous systems innervate the liver?

A

Sympathetic & parasympathetic

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29
Q

Describe importance of portal vein to liver

A

Supplies 4/5 total BV

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30
Q

Where does blood from liver drain?

A

Caudal vena cava

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31
Q

Describe the liver parenchyma

A

Red/ brown, friable, covered by serosa and tunica fibrous, uniform histology

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32
Q

What cells make up the liver?

A

Hepatocytes
Endothelial cells
Kupffer cells

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33
Q

How are hepatocytes arranged?

A

In cords, with tight junctions b/w

34
Q

What is present between hepatocyte tight junctions?

A

Bile canaliculi

35
Q

What is the action of kupffer cells?

A

Phagocytosis –> engulf debris & old RBC

36
Q

Where are Kupffer cells found?

A

Lining sinusoids

37
Q

What is the basic structural unit of the liver parenchyma?

A

Classical lobule

38
Q

Define a classical lobule

A

Hexagonal structure …

  • Central vein at centre
  • Portal triads at periphery
39
Q

Define a portal triad

A

Portal vein/ hepatic artery/ bile duct

40
Q

Describe the path of cords of hepatocytes

A

Radiate from central vein so blood flows centripedally

41
Q

What is a portal lobule?

A

The functional secretory unit that drains bile, triangular

42
Q

What are the boundaries of a portal lobule?

A

Points of triangle are 3 central veins of adjacent classical lobules so bile duct is central axis

43
Q

What is a liver acinus?

A

The functional unit of blood supply to hepatocytes, diamond

44
Q

What are the boundaries of the liver acinus?

A

Draw lines via 2 adjacent central veins via portal triads

45
Q

How is the liver acinus divided?

A

Zone 1 –> centre of triangle, most blood supply

Zone 3 –> bordering central vein

46
Q

What are bile ducts lined by?

A

cuboidal-columnar epithelium

47
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder?

A

Store and concentrate bile

48
Q

Which hormone promotes bile secretion?

A

Cholicystokinin

49
Q

Where are RBC produced?

A

Liver, bone marrow, spleen

50
Q

An increase in what causes jaundice?

A

Bilirubin in circulating blood

51
Q

What do hepatocytes to do bilirubin?

A

make water soluble

52
Q

Describe how liver makes bile (start with hepatocytes)

A

-Cholesterol –> bile acids –> bind to albumin to form bile salts
-Bile salts + bilirubin (made from heme breakdown) + bicarbonate (secreted from duct cells) + lecithin
= bile!!!

53
Q

What is enterohepatic recirculation?

A

95% bile acids delivered to duodenum absorbed back into blood within ileum, rest is lost in urine/faeces

54
Q

Which hormones stimulate secretion of bile?

A

Cholecystokinin & secretin

55
Q

What stimulates release of cholecystokinin?

A

Fat in duodenum

56
Q

What is the action of cholecystokinin?

A

contraction of gall bladder & common bile duct

57
Q

What stimulates secretion of secretin?

A

acid in the duodenum

58
Q

What is the effect of secretin?

A

Stimulates biliary duct cells to secrete bicarbonate & water, –> inc volume bile –> inc flow out into intestine (similar action to in pancreas!)

59
Q

Which cells synthesise bile?

A

Hepatocytes

60
Q

What is bile made from?

A

cholesterol (bile acids) –> bind to albumin = bile salts

+ bicarbonate + bilirubin (RBC breakdown) + lecithin

61
Q

Describe gluconeogenesis

A

hepatocytes mobilise glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

62
Q

What is a function of hepatocytes important for RBC?

A

haematopoiesis

63
Q

Which proteins are synthesised in the liver?

A

Albumin
Clotting factors
Anti-clotting factors

64
Q

What is the role of hepatocytes in relation to ammonia?

A

Convert ammonia to water soluble urea (from GIT flora)

65
Q

What is the role of Kupffer cells?

A

Phagocytosis

66
Q

Which vessel provides liver of most of its blood supply?

A

Portal vein

67
Q

Describe the portal triad

A

Portal vein + hepatic artery + bile ducts + lymphatics

68
Q

Which direction does blood flow in classical lobule?

A

From lobule periphery to central vein –> most hepatic arteries empty into peribiliary plexus in portal areas before feeding into sinusoids

69
Q

Describe the Rappoport model’s “Zone 1” area

A

Periportal area –> highest O2, most mitotic division

70
Q

Describe the Rappoport model’s “Zone 2” area

A

Intermediate area (no one really cares) –> affected during evens of blue green algae toxicity

71
Q

Describe the Rappoport model’s “Zone 3” area

A

Oldest, closest to central vein, important in metabolising drugs/ toxins/ hormones, susceptible to hypoxia

72
Q

What are the role of sinusoids in the liver?

A

fenestrated BV to promote exchange of macromolecules between hepatocytes & blood

73
Q

Which cells are located within sinusoids?

A

Kupffer cells

74
Q

Perisinusoidal space is the site of __ formation

A

Hepatic lymph formation

75
Q

Where are stellate cells found?

A

between sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes

76
Q

What are the role of stellate cells?

A

Divide mitotically during inflammation/ necrosis and deposit collagen into perisinusoidal space –> progressive fibrosis

77
Q

What is the cause of liver cirrhosis?

A

Progressive fibrosis of hepatic parenchyma

78
Q

During hepatic regeneration, what are some sources of hepatocytes?

A 
Hepatocytes (mitotic division)
Oval cells (bile ductal precursor cells) that can also become hepatocytes as a backup
79
Q

What causes jaundice??

A

Excessive bilirubin (conjugated/ unconjugated) in blood stream

80
Q

Why is it not viable to assume jaundice = liver failure/ disease?

A

Because jaundice can also result from intravascular haemolytic anaemia/ cholestasis/ (& liver Dx)

81
Q

Which part of the normal process of bilirubin metabolism is most vulnerable to disruption and why?

A

hepatocytes moving bile to cannaliculi b/c requires a lot of energy! (to move bile to a place where bile conc is already v high)

Applications Animal Health (9 decks)

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