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ENT week 1 > ENT pathology 1 > Flashcards

ENT pathology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lining of the external ear and auditory meatus, and what is the specialised glands found here ?

A
  • Lined by skin (epidermis).
  • Contains sebaceous and ceruminous glands.
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2
Q

What is the lining of the middle ear ?

A

Columnar lined mucosa

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3
Q

What is the nasal vestibule lined by ?

A

Squamous epithelium

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4
Q

What is the lining of the rest of the nose mainly and the sinuses ?

A

Respiratory epithelium - also called Schneiderian epithelium

It is pseudostratified ciliated columnar with sero-mucinous glands

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5
Q

What is the lining of the throat ?

A

Respiratory and squamous epithelium depending on anatomical site

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6
Q

What type of gland is a salivary gland ?

A

Exocrine:

  • Glands that produce and secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct.
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7
Q

What are the components which make up salivary glands ?

A

Acinar, ductular and mucinous components

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8
Q

What cells line the acinar and ductular components of the salivary gland and what do they contain/secrete ?

A
  • Serous cells
  • Contain digestive enzymes such as amylase
  • Secrete saliva
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9
Q

What is the mucinous component of salivary glands lined by ?

A

Peripheral myoepithelial cells - they have some contractile properties

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10
Q

What is a cholestatoma ?

A
  • The presence of keratinising squamous epithelium within the middle ear, or in other pneumatised areas of the temporal bone.
  • This keratinising epithelium exhibits independent growth, leading to expansion and to resorption of underlying bone.
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11
Q

What is a vestibular schwannoma ?

A

A tumour which grows on the vestibulochochlear nerve

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12
Q

How do most vestibular schwannomas occur ?

A
  • Older people 30-60
  • Sporadic unilateral occurrence
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13
Q

If a vestibular schwannoma is bilateral and in a young person what mutation would you suspect causing it ?

A

NF-2 mutation (remember neurofibromas cause tumours on nerves)

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14
Q

What are nasal polyps and describe there appearance ?

A
  • Swellings of the normal nasal lining that occur inside the nasal passages and sinuses
  • Typically pearly in colour
  • Vary in size
  • Tear-drop shapped
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15
Q

Revise types of vasculitis

A

Do it there in Renal, ENT and MSK

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16
Q

What are some of the causes associated with nasal polyps ?

A
  • Allergy,
  • Infection
  • Asthma
  • Aspirin sensitivity
  • Nickel exposure
17
Q

What is sameters triad ?

A
  1. Nasal polyposis
  2. Asthma
  3. Aspirin sensitivity
18
Q

What are some of the symptoms of nasal polyps ?

A
  • Blocked nose
  • Runny nose
  • Mucus that drips from the back of your nose down your throat (post-nasal drip)
  • Reduced sense of smell or taste
  • Feeling of fullness or pressure in the face
  • Snoring
  • obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA)
19
Q

What is the management of nasal polyps ?

A
  • All suspected nasal polyps should be referred to ENT esp if they have unilateral polyps or bleeding as there is a risk this could be a malignancy
  • Tx = topical corticosteroids
20
Q

What are the 2 main types of rhinitis ?

A

Allergic and non-allergic

21
Q

What is the typical presentation of rhinitis in general ?

A
  • Sneezing
  • Itchiness
  • Runny nose
  • Blocked nose
  • Reduced sense of smell
22
Q

What type of reaction is allergic rhinitis ?

A

Type 1 IgE mediated hypersentivity reaction

23
Q

What are some of the key features which distinguish allergic from non-allerigc rhinitis ?

A
  • Allergic rhinitis caused by allergens e.g. pollen, dust, mould, or flakes of skin from certain animals.
  • Allergic rhinitis can be seasonal dependant on when pollination occurs
  • Non-allergic isn’t caused by allergen
24
Q

What drugs & condition can cause gingival hypertrophy ?

A
  • Phenytoin
  • CCB’s - esp Nifedipine
  • Ciclosporin
  • Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)

ENT week 1 (8 decks)

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