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Higher Biology > Unit 3 - Sustainablity And Interpendence > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Sustainablity And Interpendence Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 requirements for food security

A

Quantity, quality and access

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2
Q

What is a cultivar

A

Plant(s) selected for desirable characteristics and easily propagated

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3
Q

What can be done to improve plant yield?

A
  • add minerals/water
  • replace with higher yielding cultivar
  • use pesticides, ect
  • develop pest resistant crops
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4
Q

What is lost between trophic levels as you move along the food chain

A

Energy

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5
Q

Will having live stock in a field produce more or less food per area than plants

A

Less food is produced per area

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6
Q

What 3 things can happen to light when it hits a leaf

A

Light can be absorbed, transmitted or reflected

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7
Q

What are the main pigments in a leaf that absorbs light

A

Chlorophyll a + b

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8
Q

Name the accessory pigments found in leaves

A

Carotein and xanthophyll (these are known as carotenoids)

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9
Q

What happens to the light is it is absorbed by a carotenoid

A

Energy is passed on to chlorophyll

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10
Q

What is an absorption spectrum

A

Shows the ability of pigments to absorb different wavelengths

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11
Q

What colours do chlorophyll a + b mainly absorb

A

Red and blue

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12
Q

What does an action spectrum show

A

The rate of photosynthesis of different wavelengths

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13
Q

What is stage one of photosynthesis called

A

Photolysis

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14
Q

When light is absorbed what happens to the electrons

A

Electrons become excited and are raised to higher energy states

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15
Q

What captures the high energy electrons

A

Primary electron acceptor

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16
Q

What enzyme is used in the Electron transport chain to generate ATP

A

ATP synthase

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17
Q

Electrons are transferred along the.. ? … releasing energy

A

Electron transport chain

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18
Q

What is photolysis

A

When water is split up into hydrogen and oxygen

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19
Q

What molecule picks up the hydrogen to transfer it to the Calvin cycle

A

NADP

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20
Q

Name the enzyme used to fix CO2 to RuBP

A

Rubisco

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21
Q

What is the intermediate compound formed when CO2 bonds with RuBP

A

3-phosphoglycerate (3PG)

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22
Q

What molecule is the CO2 acceptor in the Calvin cycle

A

RuBP

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23
Q

When 3PG is phosphorylated what is formed

A

G3P

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24
Q

What is the end product of photosynthesis

A

Sugar

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25
Q

Name 3 uses for sugar

A

Cellulose, starch and for respiration

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26
Q

What is the biomass of a population

A

Total mass of plants

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27
Q

How is Net assimilation calculated

A

Gain in dry mass - loss in mass

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28
Q

What is the economic yield of a crop

A

Mass of desired product

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29
Q

How is the harvest index calculated

A

Dry mass of economic yield / dry mass of biological yield

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30
Q

What are the 3 limiting factors of plant productivity

A

Temperature, light intensity and CO2 concentration

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31
Q

What is true breeding

A

When the characteristics of an organism is always passed on to offspring since both parents are homozygous

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32
Q

Which has a wider variety of genotypes, the F1 or F2 population

A

F2 populations

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33
Q

What is a test cross

A

Cross between an organism whose genotype for a certain for a certain trait is unknown and an organism that is homozygous recessive for that trait

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34
Q

Why are plant field trials carried out

A
  • to compare the performance of different cultivars or treatments
  • evaluate GM crops
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35
Q

What factors need to be considered when designing a field trial

A
  • number of replicates
  • selection of treatments
  • randomisation of treatments
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36
Q

What is out-breeding

A

Reproduction from unrelated members of the same species

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37
Q

What is in-breeding

A

Reproduction from close relatives

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38
Q

What are some of the effects of inbreeding

A
  • loss of heterozygosity

- inbreeding depression

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39
Q

What is inbreeding depression

A

Accumulation of recessive deleterious homozygous alleles

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40
Q

Define an F1 hybrid

A

Individual resulting from a cross between two genetically dissimilar parents

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41
Q

What is hybridisation

A

Mating of two inbred lines to produce offspring who are uniformly heterozygous

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42
Q

Plant F1 hybrids have increased what?

A

Vigour and yield

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43
Q

What happens if F1 hybrids interbreed with one another

A

F2 generation are too genetically diverse and so may lack the improved characteristics

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44
Q

What is genetic transformation

A

Transfer of genetic information from one organism to another

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45
Q

What are some of the characteristics of annual weeds

A
  • grow quickly
  • short life cycles
  • produce vast amounts of seeds
  • seeds viable to long periods of time
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46
Q

What type of weeds live for several years and only come out in spring

A

Perineal weeds

47
Q

Give some of the characteristics of perennial weeds

A
  • reproduce asexually (vegetatively)
  • already established in habitat
  • have storage organs to provide food
48
Q

Name the three types of invertebrate pests

A
  • insects
  • nematode worms
  • molluscs
49
Q

What are plant diseases caused by

A

Pathogens

50
Q

Name some cultural methods of controlling weeds and pests

A
  • ploughing
  • weeding
  • crop rotation
51
Q

What type of pesticide removes only certain types of pests

A

Selective pesticide

52
Q

What type of pesticide kills a wide range of pests

A

Non-selective

53
Q

Explain how a contact pesticide works

A

Destroys ant plant/animal it touches (roots survive)

54
Q

Explain what a systemic pesticide works

A

Absorbed by plant and quickly kills the leaves and roots

55
Q

What are the ideal characteristics of plant control chemicals

A
  • specific to pest
  • short life
  • safe for humans and animals
56
Q

What is bio accumulation

A

When chemicals accumulate along the food chain

57
Q

What is biological control

A

Control of pests by introducing a natural predator

58
Q

What term is given to the natural predator used in biological control

A

A control agent

59
Q

What are some risks of using biological control

A
  • other insects harmed

- control agent may become a pest

60
Q

What method uses a combination of chemical, cultural and biological methods?

A

Integrated pest management (IPM)

61
Q

Name the 5 freedoms animals have

A

Freedom from

  • thirst or hunger
  • discomfort
  • pain, injury and disease
  • fear or distress
  • to express normal behaviour
62
Q

What type of behaviour do animals in poor conditions display

A
  • stereotypy
  • misdirected behaviour
  • failure of sexual/parental behaviour
  • unnatural level of activity
63
Q

Define sterotypy

A

Repetitive movement

64
Q

What is misdirected behaviour

A

Normal behaviour is directed inappropriately

65
Q

What can be produced when studying animal behaviour

A

Ethogram

66
Q

What is ethology

A

The study of animal behaviour

67
Q

What can be used for animals to chose preferred conditions or to measure its motivation

A

A preference test

68
Q

Name the two types of symbiosis

A

Parasitism and mutualism

69
Q

In parasitism does the host lose or gain energy

A

Lose energy

70
Q

Why can’t parasites survive outside of the host’s body

A

Parasites have limited metabolism

71
Q

How can parasites be transmitted

A
  • direct contact
  • release of resistant stages
  • use of a vector
72
Q

Describe a direct parasite life cycle

A

Eggs are shed and passed on to a new member of the host species

73
Q

What does an indirect life cycle require

A

The addition of a secondary host species

74
Q

What is symbiosis

A

Ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live in direct contact with one another

75
Q

What type of symbiosis does both organisms benefit from the relationship

A

Mutualism

76
Q

What is endosymbiosis

A

The theory of mutualism in evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts

77
Q

What are some advantages of social hierarchy

A
  • aggression between members is ritualised
  • experienced leadership is guaranteed
  • most powerful pass on their genes to the next generation
78
Q

What are the two types of cooperative hunting strategies

A

Ambush or running down

79
Q

What are some advantages of cooperative hunting

A
  • increase success
  • all members get a share
  • tackle larger prey
  • minimises injury
80
Q

What term is used to describe unselfish behaviour

A

Altruistic behaviour

81
Q

Describe reciprocal altruism

A

Animal giving help to another in the prospect of the favour being returned

82
Q

Describe kin selection

A

Individuals reduce their net lifetime production of offspring to help their relatives reproduce

83
Q

A division of labour is most common among what animals

A

Social insects

84
Q

In social insect groups what is the role of the workers

A

Food gathering and defence. Workers are sterile

85
Q

What member of the social insect group fertilise the eggs

A

Drones

86
Q

Why are social insects important to humans

A

Provide ecosystem services such as pollination and pest control

87
Q

Define a keystone species

A

Species thar play a critical role within the ecosystem

88
Q

Long periods of parental care is common among what type of animal

A

Primates

89
Q

What do primates do to reduce conflict

A

Social hierarchies- ritualistic and appeasement behaviour

90
Q

What is social behaviour affected by

A
  • species niche
  • distribution of resources
  • taxonomic group to which the species belongs to
91
Q

What evidence is there for mass extinction

A

Fossil evidence

92
Q

How does genetic diversity recover after a mass extinction

A

Species fill the unfilled niches

93
Q

What is the background extinction rate

A

Measure of how often extinction happens naturally

94
Q

What are some of the main human causes of mass extinction

A
  • deforestation
  • pollution of air, water and land
  • overexploitation of resources
  • destruction of habitats
95
Q

What are the measurable components of biodiversity

A

Genetic, species and ecosystem diversity

96
Q

Define genetic diversity

A

Measured by the number and frequency of alleles is a population

97
Q

What is species diversity

A

Number of different species in an ecosystem and the proportion of each species in the ecosystem

98
Q

Define ecosystem diversity

A

Number of distinct ecosystems within a defined area

99
Q

What is biodiversity used to monitor

A

Ecosystem change

100
Q

On a small, remote and isolated habitat island will the species diversity be increased or reduced

A

Reduced

101
Q

What are the main threats to biodiversity

A

HIPPO

  • habitat destruction
  • invasive species
  • population increase (humans)
  • pollution
  • over harvesting
102
Q

Describe over-exploitation

A

When resources are consumed at a rate faster than they can be replaced

103
Q

Describe the bottleneck effect

A

Evolutionary event in which a significant percentage of a population is killed/prevented from reproducing

104
Q

Is the bottleneck effect more common in small or large populations

A

Small populations

105
Q

Why might species be unable to adapt after the bottleneck effect

A

Species now lack genetic diversity

106
Q

What is habitat fragmentation caused by

A

Geological processes or by human activity

107
Q

What are some of the negative impacts of habitat fragmentation

A
  • lower species richness

- degradation at edges, interior species suffer as a result

108
Q

What can be done to try and link up habitat fragments

A

Habitat corridors

109
Q

What is an introduced (non-native) species

A

Species thar humans have moved either intentionally or accidentally to new geographic location

110
Q

Define a naturalised species

A

Species that becomes established within wild communities

111
Q

Describe an invasive species

A

Groups of naturalised species that have spread rapidly and eliminated native species

112
Q

Why do invasive species thrive

A

A lack of predators, parasites, pathogens and competitors

113
Q

What has lead to climate change

A

Deforestation and burning of fossil fuels

Higher Biology (3 decks)

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