Cardiology

Question 1

A mother brings in her 3 week old infant. The baby has a heart rate of 80. Is this ok?

Answer 1

No, it is low.

< 1 mo: 80 is low

Question 2

A mother brings in her 2 month old infant. The baby’s heart rate is 160. Is this ok?

Answer 2

No, it is high.

< 1 mo: 160 is high

Question 3

If a baby is 1-3 months, what is a low heart rate?

Answer 3

80

Question 4

If a baby is 1-3 months, what is a high heart rate?

Answer 4

200

Question 5

If a baby is between 2-24 months what is a low heart rate? What is a high one?

Answer 5

Low: 70
High: 120

Question 6

If a child has a heart rate of 60, what age group would this be considered low?

Answer 6

2-10 years

Question 7

If a child has a heart rate of 90, what ages would this be considered high?

Answer 7

2-10 years AND 11-18 years

Basically: 2-18 years

Question 8

A mother brings in her child and her heart rate is 40 and is considered low. What age range would you expect the child to be?

Answer 8

11-18 years

Question 9

Which genetic syndrome is most predisposed to Atrial Septal Defect?

Answer 9

Down Syndrome patients

Question 10

T/F: Doctors do not recommend surgery for children with ASD that are < 1 year old.

Answer 10

False. It IS recommended

Question 11

What kind of shunt is ASD?

Answer 11

Left to right

Question 12

A child is brought in with complaints of: 
-Difficulty and rapid breathing 
-Wheezing
-Fatigue
-Lack of appetite 
-Poor weight gain
-Pale skin color 
-Bluish discoloration of the lips and skin
-Excessive sweating
-Irregular or rapid heartbeat 
-Swelling in the legs, ankles, and feet 
What is the baby's most likely diagnosis?

Answer 12

Atrial Septal Defect

Question 13

In layman’s terms, what is ASD?

Answer 13

A hole in the heart between the atria

Question 14

In ASD, which atria has the higher pressure?

Answer 14

Left

Question 15

If an infant has ASD, when do they become symptomatic?

Answer 15

Within the first few weeks of life

Question 16

Which genetic syndrome is most predisposed to Coarctation of the aorta?

Answer 16

Turner’s Syndrome patients

Question 17

What is coarctation of the aorta?

Answer 17

Narrowing of the aorta

Question 18

Where does coarctation of the aorta usually occur?

Answer 18

The descending section

Question 19

If a baby has coarctation of the aorta, what effect will you see in the pulses?

Answer 19

UE pulses will be bounding

LE pulses will be very faint

Question 20

If a baby is born with severe coarctation of the aorta, when will they be symptomatic?

Answer 20

Shortly after birth

Question 21

A mother brings in her baby. She claims the baby has had difficulty breathing and feeding. You inspect the baby and note heavy sweating; the baby is irritable and has pale skin. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Answer 21

Coarctation of the aorta

Question 22

A father brings in his son. The boy says he’s had a horrible headache and chest pain for days, and his legs and feet are cramping. He says when he plays basketball when his friends, his muscles feel weak. His dad added that he’s had nosebleeds a lot recently. What is his most likely diagnosis?

Answer 22

Coarctation of the aorta

Question 23

What is the treatment for coarctation of the aorta?

Answer 23

Ballooning the aorta

Question 24

Bicuspid Aortic Valve disease is seen with what other cardiac disease?

Answer 24

Coarctation of the aorta

Question 25

What genetic condition is most predisposed to Aortic dissection/Aneurysm?

Answer 25

Marfans syndrome

Question 26

How does Marfans syndrome affect the aorta?

Answer 26

it causes a weakening of the aortic walls

Question 27

What condition is described as “the inner layer of the aorta tears”?

Answer 27

Aortic Aneurysm

Question 28

What is occurring during Aortic aneurysm?

Answer 28

Blood surges through the tear causing the inner and middle layers of the aorta to separate.

Question 29

When can aortic aneurysm be fatal?

Answer 29

If the blood filled channel ruptures through the outside aortic wall

Question 30

T/F: Aortic dissection may present with symptoms of a heart attack.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

T/F: Turners Syndrome may have Mitral regurgitation.

Answer 31

False: Marfans syndrome may have mitral regurgitation

Question 32

A patient comes in with her son who has been complaining of sudden severe chest pain that radiates to the neck. He was at T ball practice and loss consciousness (fainted). The boy mentions he feels short of breath; while he’s talking to you, you notice he is having trouble talking and is squinting at you. You inquire about his vision and he states recently it has been blurry. You check his pulses and note the pulse on one arm is stronger than another. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Answer 32

Aortic Dissection/Aneurysm

Question 33

If you perform a valsalva test with a patient who has a murmur–you find that the murmurs increases. What could it be?

Answer 33

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 34

What are contraindications for sports participation?

Answer 34

1. Acute myocarditis or pericarditis
2. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, long QT syndrome
3. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 35

What is the tx for prophylaxis of SBE?

Answer 35

-Amoxicillin 50mg/kg orally 1 hr prior to the procedure

Question 36

What medications should be given for SBE prophylaxis if the patient is Penicillin allergic?

Answer 36

Clindamycin
Cephalexin
Cefadroxil
Azithromycin
Clarithromycin

Question 37

Downs patients are susceptible to what?

Answer 37

Tetralogy of Fallot
ASD
VSD
PDA

Question 38

Turner’s patients are susceptible to what?

Answer 38

Bicuspid aortic valve

Coarctation

Question 39

Marfan syndrome patients are susceptible to what?

Answer 39

Mitral valve regurgitation
Aortic aneurism
Arrhythmia

Question 40

Who is at Moderate risk for SBE?

Answer 40

1. Mitral valve prolapse (adolescent girls)
2. Acquired valvular dysfunction (can be caused by rheumatic fever)
3. Uncorrected CHD