Chapter 34-Self Concept

Question 1

Define self concept

Answer 1

An individual’s view of self. It is subjective and involves a complex mixture of unconscious and conscious thoughts, attitudes, & perceptions.
-How a person THINKS about oneself & it directly affects self esteem

Question 2

Self esteem is

Answer 2

How a person FEELS about oneself

Question 3

The loss of bodily function, decline in activity tolerance, and difficulty managing a chronic illness are examples of situations that change a patient’s?

Answer 3

Self concept

Question 4

In general young children tend to rate themselves higher than they rate other children, suggesting that?

Answer 4

Their view of themselves is positively inflated

Question 5

Job satisfaction and overall performance in adulthood are also linked to?

Answer 5

Self-esteem

Question 6

Self-expanding opportunities such as exploring new ideas, solving problems in creative ways, and learning new skills predict job satisfaction and commitment and promote?

Answer 6

Self-concept clarity and self-esteem

Question 7

Sometimes when individuals lose a job, their sense of self diminishes, they lose motivation to be socially active, and they even become depressed. They lose their job identity, and this alters their self-perceptions and self-care practices. Establishing a stable sense of self that transcends relationships and situations is a developmental goal of?

Answer 7

Adulthood

Question 8

Cultural variations in self-concept and self-esteem across the life span can impact?

Answer 8

Health behaviors

• in adolescent girls cultural pride and self-esteem serve as protective factors against risk behaviors, including intentions to have sexual intercourse
• Cultural identity of older adults is one of the major elements of self concept and a key aspect of self-esteem

Question 9

How individuals view themselves and their perception of their health are closely related

Answer 9

• Lower self esteem is a risk factor that leaves one vulnerable to health problems, whereas higher self esteem and strong social relationships support good health
• a patient’s belief in personal health often enhances their self concept
• chronic illness often affects the ability to provide financial support & maintain relationships, which then affects an individuals self esteem and perceived roles w/in the family
• chronic illness affects identity and body image

Question 10

Trust vs Mistrust (Birth to 1 year)

Answer 10

• develops trust following consistency in caregiving and nurturing interactions
• Distinguishes self from environment

Question 11

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

Answer 11

• 1-3 years
• begins to communicate likes/dislikes
• increasingly independent in thoughts and actions
• appreciates body appearance and function (e.g dressing, feeding, talking, walking)

Question 12

Initiative vs Guilt

Answer 12

• 3-6 years
• identifies w/a gender
• enhances self awareness
• increases language skills, including identification of feelings

Question 13

Industry vs inferioritiy

Answer 13

• 6-12 years
• incorporates feedback from peers & teachers
• increases self esteem w/new skill mastery ( reading, mathematics, sports, music)
• aware of strengths and limitations

Question 14

Identity vs role confusion

Answer 14

• 12-20 years
• accepts body changes/maturation
• examines attitudes, values, and beliefs; establishes goals for the future
• feels positive about expanded sense of self

Question 15

Intimacy vs isolation

Answer 15

• Mid 20s to mid 40s
• has stable, positive feelings about self
• experiences successful role transitions and increased responsibilities

Question 16

Generativity vs self absorption

Answer 16

• Mid 40s to mid 60s
• able to accept changes in appearance and physical endurance
• reassesses life goals
• shows contentment with aging

Question 17

Ego integrity vs despair

Answer 17

• Late 60s to death
• feels positive about life and its meaning
• interested in providing a legacy for the next gerneration

Question 18

Self esteem is often highest in?

Answer 18

Childhood, fluctuates during adolescence, gradually rises throughout adulthood, and either diminishes or increases again in old age, depending on self-concept clarity

Question 19

Children often report high self-esteem because

Answer 19

Their sense of self is inflated by a variety of extremely positive sources, and periodic declines may be associated with shifts to more realistic information about the self

Question 20

Adolescence is a time of marked maturational changes and shifting levels of self esteem that set the stage for

Answer 20

Rises in self concept in young adulthood

Question 21

Erikson’s emphasis on the generativity stage explains the rise in self esteem and self concept in adulthood

Answer 21

The individual focuses on being increasingly productive and creative at work while at the same time promoting and guiding the next generation

Question 22

On the basis of Erikson’s stages of development, a decline in self concept in later adulthood reflects a

Answer 22

Diminished need for self promotion and a shift in self concept to a more modest and balanced view of self
-many report a decline in self esteem in later adulthood caused in part by physical and emotional changes associated with aging, but older adults with self concept clarity demonstrate psychological well being

Question 23

When aging is associated with deterioration of health, nursing interventions must focus on

Answer 23

Health behavior changes to promote self care and self concept

Question 24

A positive self concept gives a sense of meaning, wholeness, and consistency to a person. A healthy self concept has a high degree of stability, which generates positive feelings towards self. The components of self concept are?

Answer 24

• identity
• body image
• role performance
  Because how one THINKS about oneself (self concept) affects how one FEELS about oneself (self esteem), both concepts need to be evaluated

Question 25

Identity involves

Answer 25

The internal sense of individuality, wholeness, and consistency of a person over time and in different situations. It implies being distinct and separate from others

Question 26

Children learn culturally accepted values, behaviors, and roles through identification and modeling. They often gain an identity from?

Answer 26

Self-observations and from what individuals tell them

• an individual first identifies with parenting figures and later with other role models such as teachers or peers.
• relationships with parents, teachers, and peers have a unique and combined effects on young children’s general, academic, and social self-concept
• to form an identity, a child must be able to bring together learned behaviors and expectations into a coherent, consistent and unique whole

Question 27

Body image involves

Answer 27

Attitudes related to the body, including physical appearance, structure, or function

• Feeling about body image include those related to sexuality, femininity and masculinity, youthfulness, health, and strength
• cognitive growth and physical development also affect body image

Question 28

Cultural and societal attitudes and values influence body image

Answer 28

Culture and society dictate the accepted norms of body image and influence one’s attitudes

Question 29

Body image issues are often associated with

Answer 29

impaired self concept and self esteem

Question 30

Role performance is

Answer 30

They way in which individuals perceive their ability to carry out significant roles (parent, supervisor, partner, or close friend)
-normal changes associated with maturation result in changes in role performance (when man has child he becomes a father)

Question 31

Fulfillment of role expectations leads to an

Answer 31

Enhanced sense of self
-difficulty or failure to meet role expectations leads to deficits and often contributes to decreased self-esteem or altered self concept

Question 32

Self esteem is an

Answer 32

Individual’s overall feeling of self worth or the emotional appraisal of self concept

Question 33

A self concept stressor

Answer 33

Is any real or perceived change that threatens identity, body image, or role performance.
- being able to successfully adapt to stressors is likely to lead to a positive sense of self, whereas failure to adapt often leads to a negative self-concept

Question 34

Identity confusion results when

Answer 34

People do not maintain a clear, consistent, and continuous consciousness of personal identity
-inability to adapt to identity stressors can result in identity confusion regardless of stage of life

Question 35

Altered self concept/self esteem stressors for identity

Answer 35

• Job loss
• Change in marital status
• Abuse or neglect
• Dependency on others
• Sexuality concerns
• Repeated failures
• Societal attitudes
• Conflict with others

Question 36

Altered self concept/self esteem stressors for body image

Answer 36

• Stroke
• Colostomy
• Anorexia nervosa
• arthritis
• incontinence
• obesity
• multiple sclerosis
• amputation
• scarring
• aging
• pregnancy
• mastectomy
• rape
• assault

Question 37

Altered self concept/self esteem stressors for role performance

Answer 37

• inability to balance career and family
• physical, emotional, or cognitive deficits preventing role assumption
• loss of satisfying role
• transition from school to work setting
• promotion or demotion
• changing work environment
• empty nest
• assuming responsibility for aging parent

Question 38

Role conflict results when

Answer 38

A person has to simultaneously assume two or more roles that are inconsistent, contradictory, or mutually exclusice

Question 39

The sick role involves

Answer 39

The expectations of others and society regarding how an individual behaves when sick

Question 40

Role ambiguity involves

Answer 40

Unclear role expectations, which makes people unsure of what to do or how to do it, creating stress and confusion
-common in adolescent years (e.g. pressures for adolescents to assume adult like roles yet they lack the resources to do so)

Question 41

Role strain

Answer 41

Combines role conflict and role ambiguity
-some express it as a feeling of frustration when a person feels inadequate or unsuited to a role such as providing care for a family member with Alzheimer’s disease

Question 42

Role overload involves

Answer 42

Having more roles or responsibilities within a role than are manageable

• common in an individual who unsuccessfully attempts to meet the demands of work and family while carving out some personal time
• often during periods of illness or change, those involved either as the one who is ill or as a significant other find themselves in role overolad

Question 43

Self esteem stressors in children

Answer 43

• Perceived inability to meet parenteral expectations
• harsh criticism
• inconsistent discipline
• unresolved sibling rivalry
  reduce the level of self worth of children

Question 44

Normal changes associated with maturation result in changes in role performance. The common stressors include?

Answer 44

• transition from school to work setting
• the physical, emotional, or cognitive deficits preventing role assumption
• death of a loved one creates an emotional deficit that may prevent a person from assuming his or her roles.

*Societal attitudes and dependency on others are related to identity