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Anatomy 2 Unit 3 > 11 - Respiratory System Dev and Histo > Flashcards

11 - Respiratory System Dev and Histo Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory System: 3 Principle Functions:

A

Air Conduction
Air Filtration
Gas Exchange (respiration)
*Olfaction in nasal cavity

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2
Q

Respiratory System: Upper part is associated with

A

development of oral cavity

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3
Q

Respiratory System: Lower part developed from

A

lung bud

Thus epithelium has endodermal origin

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4
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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5
Q

Olfactory Epithelium : Composed of

A

olfactory receptor cells, supporting (sustentacular) cells, basal cells,& brush cells

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6
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

Lacks

A

goblet cells

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7
Q

Olfactory Epithelium: Olfactory mucosa is found in the

A

nasal mucosa - in a small region of the roof of the nasal cavities.
It is here where there are receptors for sense of smell.

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8
Q

Conducting division/zone –

A

nasal cavities, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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9
Q

Respiratory division/zone

A

– respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

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10
Q

Role of the Conducting Division:

A

Cleans, warms, & humidifies air

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11
Q

Role of the Conducting Division: Mucous & serous secretions play a

A

significant role

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12
Q

Role of the Conducting Division: Cilia of respiratory epithelium sweep the

A

mucous with the trapped particulate matter toward pharynx

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13
Q

Role of the Conducting Division: Air is conditioned as it passes through the

A

conducting portion:

Includes warming, moistening, and removal of particulate materials.

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14
Q

Mucous is from

A

goblet cells and mucous secreting glands.

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15
Q

Respiratory epithelium (ciliated pseudostratified columnar) along most of the

A

pathway*

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16
Q

Histological Characteristics of Conducting Division

A 
Cartilage is present (varying forms)**
Seromucous glands**
Mucous cells**
Cilia wherever mucous cells
Elastic fibers in CT (except the nose)
Exhibit high degree of vascularity
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17
Q

Mucosa

Respiratory Epithelium –

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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18
Q

ciliated columnar cells –

A

tall columnar cells with cilia that project into the overlying mucous
goblet cells

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19
Q

basal cells –

A

stem cells from which all other cell types arise

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20
Q

Lamina propria –

A

loose connective tissue; contains blood vessels; can contain mucous glands many with serous demilunes

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21
Q

Submucosa –

A

connective tissue slightly denser than the connective tissue of the lamina propria; contains blood vessels that may contain many glands

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22
Q

Adventitia –

A

composed of connective tissue that binds component to adjacent structures

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23
Q

Three parts of the pharynx:

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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24
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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25
Q

Oropharynx

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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26
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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27
Q

Laryngeal cartilages located in

A

lamina propria (hyaline & elastic cartilages)

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28
Q

Vestibular folds (aka false vocal cords) covered with

A

respiratory epithelium

Core contains many mucoserous glands

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29
Q

Vocal folds (aka true vocal cords) covered with

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium (along with a large portion of the epiglottis)
Core contains elastic fibers & skeletal muscle

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30
Q

Cartilage rings are replaced by

A

plates or slivers of hyaline cartilage & will disappear

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31
Q

Smooth muscle within the walls of will

A

increase as cartilage decreases

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32
Q

Height of the pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells

A

decreases as the bronchi decrease in diameter

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33
Q

Bronchioles

A

No cartilage in walls
No glands in submucosa

Relatively thick layer of smooth muscle

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34
Q

Bronchioles: Epithelium height continues to get

A

smaller as the bronchioles divide

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35
Q

Changes from ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium to

Bronchioles

A

ciliated simple columnar epithelium to ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium

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36
Q

Bronchioles: Goblet cells present in the

A

largest of bronchioles but begin to decrease

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37
Q

Bronchioles: Goblet cells not present in the

A

terminal bronchioles

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38
Q

Relatively thick layer of

Bronchioles

A

smooth muscle

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39
Q

Terminal Bronchiole

Simple cuboidal epithelium interspersed with

A

non-ciliated cells called Clara cells (also known as club cells)

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40
Q

Terminal bronchiole: Small amount of

A

underlying connective tissue and smooth muscle.

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41
Q

Clara Cells: Represent

A

Represent80% of the epithelial cell populationof theterminal bronchiole

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42
Q

Clara Cells: Their function is to

A

protect the bronchiolar epithelium.

produce surfactant and other

43
Q

Clara Cells: Apical surface of Clara cells are

A

dome-shaped and have no cilia

44
Q

Clara Cells: Ciliated cells are present in

A

small numbers

45
Q

Respiratory Division

A

From the terminal bronchioles of the conducting system…

Respiratory Bronchioles  Alveolar Ducts  Alveolar Sacs  Alveoli

46
Q

Respiratory Bronchiole: Cuboidal epithelium

Proximally, both

A

ciliated cells and Clara cells

Distally Clara cells predominate

47
Q

Respiratory Bronchiole: Occasionally alveoli may extend from the

A

lumen of the respiratory bronchiole.

48
Q

Respiratory Bronchiole proximal:

A

Proximally, both ciliated cells and Clara cells

49
Q

Respiratory bronchiole distal

A

Distally Clara cells predominate

50
Q

Respiratory Division: Alveolar Ducts

A

Almost no walls, only alveoli as peripheral boundary

Rings of smooth muscle are present in the knob-like interalveolar septa

51
Q

Alveoli

A

150 to 250 million per adult lung

Interalveolar septademarcate and separate adjacent alveoli

52
Q

Respiratory Division: Alveolar sacs

A

Spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli

Typically occurs at the termination of the alveolar duct, although may occur along

53
Q

Type I alveolar cells

A

Squamous cells
Provide minimal diffusion barrier

alveolar surface epithelial cells; squamous cells; lines 95% of alveolar surface.

54
Q

Type II alveolar cells

A

Type II Alveolar Cells – also called septal cells; cuboidal cells; cover approximately 5% of alveolar surface discharge phospholipid called surfactant which keeps the alveoli from collapsing with each successive exhalation, as it lowers surface tension; these cells do not develop until the end of the 6th month of human embryonic development; alveoli do collapse with each successive exhalation in premature infants whose lungs have not developed sufficiently to produce pulmonary surfactant, causing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).

55
Q

Alveolar Macrophages – also known as

A

dust cells; can be found in the connective tissue of septum and in the air space of alveoli; phagocytize inhaled particulate matter and red blood cells.

56
Q

Endothelial Cells –

A

compose wall of capillary

57
Q

Fibroblasts –

A

produce elastic fibers

58
Q

Air-Blood Barrier: composed of

A
  1. Surface lining & cytoplasm of the alveolar cells
  2. Fused basal laminae of the alveolar cells & capillary endothelial cells
  3. Cytoplasm of the endothelial cells
59
Q

Respiratory diverticulum (lung bud) appears as

A

Approximately week 4:

outgrowth of foregut

60
Q

Inner lining of larynx, trachea, bronchi, & lungs

A

Endoderm origin

61
Q

Cartilaginous, muscular, & connective tissue components of

A

trachea & lungs

Splanchnic mesoderm

62
Q

Lung bud is initially in

A

open communication with the foregut

63
Q

As the bud grows caudally, tracheoesophageal ridges begin to

A

separate the lung bud from the foregut

64
Q

Ridges will fuse to form the

A

tracheoesophageal septum
Dorsal portion  esophagus
Ventral portion  trachea & lung buds

65
Q

The respiratory diverticulum maintains

A

s communication with the pharynx through the laryngeal orifice

66
Q

Abnormalities in partitioning of esophagus & trachea by tracheoesophageal septum result in

A

esophageal atresia with or without tracheoesophageal fistulas (TEFs)

67
Q

Most frequent abnormality is shown which occurs with the

A

upper esophagus ending in a blind pouch and the lower segment forming a fistula with the trachea

68
Q

The respiratory diverticulum maintains communication with the pharynx through the

A

laryngeal orifice

Initially a sagittal slit which changes to a T-shaped opening

69
Q

Laryngeal cartilages and musculature arise from

A

pharyngeal arch pairs 4 and 6

70
Q

Mesenchyme of the 4th & 6th arch transform into:

A

Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage

71
Q

Epiglottis forms from

A

mesenchyme of the caudal hypopharyngeal eminence

72
Q

Laryngeal mm. arising from 4th arch are innervated by

A

superior laryngeal n.

73
Q

Laryngeal mm. arising from 6th arch are innervated by

A

recurrent laryngeal n.

74
Q

~ Day 28: Lung bud divides to form

A

2 primary bronchial buds

75
Q

Day 30:

A

Right forms 3 secondary bronchial buds

Left forms 2 secondary bronchial buds

76
Q

Day 38:

A

Right forms 10 tertiary bronchial buds

Left forms 8 tertiary bronchial buds

77
Q

This division and formation of the bronchial buds foreshadows the

A

lobes of each lung and the bronchopulmonary segments of each lung

78
Q

As the lung buds grow in both the caudal & lateral directions, they expand into the

A

pericardioperitoneal canals which will gradually narrow & form the pleural cavities

79
Q

Splanchnic mesoderm gives rise to

A

visceral pleura of the lungs

80
Q

Somatic mesoderm lining thoracic body wall gives rise to the

A

parietal pleura

81
Q

Respiratory tree produces small branches called

A

terminal bronchioles

82
Q

Between 16-28 weeks, each terminal bronchiole divides into

A

two or more respiratory bronchioles

83
Q

By approximately week 36,

A

terminal sacs (primitive alveoli) are formed

84
Q

**Pseudoglandular, canalicular, & terminal sac periods are

A

fetal stages

85
Q

***The alveolar period is a

A

late fetal & neonatal stage

86
Q

Lung tissue appears histologically as a collection of

A

exocrine glands, hence pseudoglandular period

87
Q

Pseudoglandular period: At this time, all the major lung structures have developed except for

A

most distal portions of respiratory tree where gas exchange occurs

88
Q

A fetus born during Pseudoglandular period will not

A

survive

89
Q

Canalicular period: Lung tissue becomes

A

highly vascular

90
Q

Canalicular period:

At end of this stage,

A

respiration is possible. Each terminal bronchiole has split into 2 or more respiratory bronchioles, which have developed primitive alveolar ducts. Some ducts already lead into terminal sacs (primitive alveoli)

91
Q

Canalicular period: A fetus born near the end of this stage may

A

survive, although many die as the lungs are still immature in their development

92
Q

Terminal sac period: More terminal sacs (primitive alveoli) develop and are hugged by

A

capillaries, establishing the blood-air barrier

93
Q

~ 26 weeks: lining terminal sac walls is a

A

single layer of simple squamous cells, most of which are type I alveolar cells through which gases diffuse

94
Q

Scattered amongst the type I cells are a few

A

rounded type II alveolar cells

Produce, store, and secrete pulmonary surfactant

95
Q

Surfactant forms film over the internal walls of the

A

alveolar sacs and counteracts surface tension
Facilitates expansion of the terminal sacs by preventing collapse (atelectasis)

-Production begins at 20-22 weeks

96
Q

Premature babies of 24 to 26 weeks may survive, but could suffer from

A

respiratory distress syndrome due to insufficient surfactant

97
Q

Alveolar period: Alveoli are

A

fully functional

98
Q

Alveolar period: 95% of mature alveoli develop

A

postnatally (most form within first 3 years) and will continue to develop until 8 years of age

99
Q

Alveolar period: The alveolar period is a

A

late fetal & neonatal stage

100
Q

GI tube is

A

endoderm, thus lung bud is endoderm.

101
Q

Epiglottis between

A

4th and 3rd pharyngeal pouch

102
Q

olfactory glands in

A

submucosa - olfactory nerves here as well

103
Q

Clara cells produce

A

surfactant

Anatomy 2 Unit 3 (14 decks)

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