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Intro to Sociology > Part 2 > Flashcards

Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

social stratificaiton

A

the arrangement of society into a series of layer, or strata, on the basis of unequal distribution of resources, prestige, or power, such that the stratum at the top has the most resources

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2
Q

3 important things about social stratification

A

(1) not a reflection of ind differences but is a trait of society (2) carries over from generation to generation (generational durability) (3) also invovles beliefs (ex: class vs caste system)

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3
Q

caste system

A

ascriptive (decided at birth); inequality; no social mobility

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4
Q

class system

A

acheivment; inequality; mobility possible

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5
Q

meritocracy

A

belief that achievment overcomes ascription; al positions in society based on demonstrated mobility; high social mobility possible

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6
Q

social differentiation

A

the distinction made between social groups and persons on the basis of biological, physiological, and sociocultural factors, as sex, age, or ethnicity, resulting in the assignment of roles and status within a society

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7
Q

intergenerational social mobility

A

your children’s social mobility

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8
Q

intragenerational social mobility

A

your social mobility

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9
Q

plutocracy

A

government by the wealthy

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10
Q

Weber on social strat

A

class is a continuum from high to low rather than a 2 class model; sees the importance of status, prestige, power as well as class and money in strat; socioeconomic status (SES)

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11
Q

socioeconomic status (SES)

A

ranking along several dimensions of inequaltiy particularly edu, occuptional prestige, and income; hallmark variable to sociology; accounts for multiple dimensions of stratification

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12
Q

Bourdieu on social strat

A

like Weber moved beyond strictly material (Marxist) perspective and believed that stratification in society is due to inequalities in the distribution of four types of captial: economic, social, cultural, symbolic

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13
Q

economic captial

A

money or material objectst hat can be sued to produce goods and servies; more concerned w more palpable things that Marx is concerned w

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14
Q

social captial

A

refers to positions and relations in social netowrks that can be used to create economic captial

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15
Q

cultural captial

A

interpersonal skills, habits, edu credentials, and the like that can be used to gain advantage in society (eg Lareau)

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16
Q

symbolic captial

A

ability to use symbols to legitimate the possession of the other forms of captial

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17
Q

upper upper class

A

1%; seeing biggest gains in wealth

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18
Q

lower upper class

A

3-4%; have to work to maintain lifestyles

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19
Q

corporate class

A

upper class; high corporate positions; supplanting family capitalism

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20
Q

middle class

A

~40% of pop; shrinking

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21
Q

upper middle class

A

$120-220k/yr; college educated professionals

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22
Q

average middle class

A

less prestigious white collar; depend heavily on earnings to maintain lifestyle; $50-120k

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23
Q

working class

A

middle class; 1/3 of population; $30-50k; little or no property; conformity and adherence to rules

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24
Q

lower class

A

20% of population, instability

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25
Q

relative poverty

A

condition in which people lack the minimum amount of income needed in order to maintain the average standard of living in the society in which they live

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26
Q

absolute poverty

A

condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information

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27
Q

industrialism vs. post industrialism

A

movement from factory style labor to service sector work

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28
Q

captialism and socialism

A

modes of industrialism

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29
Q

capitalism

A

means of production are privately owned and market forces determine production and distribution; lassiex faire economics

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30
Q

socialism

A

means of production are collectively owned and the state directs production and distribution

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31
Q

social groups

A

collections of people who take each toher’s behavior into account as they interact and development a sense of togetherness

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32
Q

imporant dimensions of social groups

A

level of affinity, size, in/out group

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33
Q

primary group

A

intimate cooperative, face to face small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships

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34
Q

secondary group

A

limited participation, impersonality, formal associative ties; large and impersonal social group whose members pusue a specific goal or activity; more goal oriented ties

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35
Q

network

A

web of weak social ties

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36
Q

in group

A

people feel belonging, respect and loyalty

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37
Q

out group

A

people do not feel belonging, competition and opposition directed toward them

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38
Q

social media

A

teachnology that links people in social activity

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39
Q

Simmel

A

significance of shift from dyad to triad vs high order figurations: greater loss of intimacy, coalitional potential, level of individual influence

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40
Q

dyad

A

social group w 2 members

41
Q

triad

A

social group w 3 members

42
Q

instrumental leader

A

focused on completion of tasks

43
Q

expressive leader

A

focused on group well being, solidarity, cohesion, and moral/well being

44
Q

risk of groupthink

A

the tendency of group members to conform resulting ina narrow view of some issue

45
Q

reference group

A

groups whose values, norms, beliefs serve as a standard for one’s own behavior

46
Q

ultilitarian organizaiton

A

people join for material incentives (most workplaces)

47
Q

normative organizaiton

A

people join for moral causes (NRA, PETA)

48
Q

coercive organization

A

memberhsip is involuntary (prison)

49
Q

formal organization

A

large secondary groups organized to achieve their goals efficiently

50
Q

modern rationality

A

way of thinking that empasizes deliberate matter of fact calculation of the most efficent and effect way to accomplish a particular task; departure from premodern society (ex: Durkheim’s mechanical solidarity)

51
Q

bureacracy

A

organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently

52
Q

elements of bureacracy

A

impersonality, hierachy of authority, specialization of tasks

53
Q

oligrachy

A

rule of the many by the few

54
Q

bureaucratic alienation

A

experienced by individuals in contact w bureaucracy

55
Q

bureaucratic ritualism

A

rules and regulations thwart organizational goals

56
Q

bureaucratic intertia

A

the tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves

57
Q

mcdonalization

A

fast food principles coming to dominate more and more sector of American society

58
Q

characteristics of mcdonalization

A

efficiency; calculability; predictability; control

59
Q

mcdonalizaiton efficency

A

optimum way of geting from one point to another or the way that is both the quickest and most effective at achieving a goal

60
Q

mcdonalization calculability

A

quantituative aspects of products sold and services offered

61
Q

mcdonalization predictability

A

assurance that a product will be the same in al locales for the same business

62
Q

mcdonalization control

A

ultimately people entering are controlled; also achieve thorugh the other processe sof predicatibility, efficiency, and calculability; all in sum are rational organizaiton’s attempt to control every aspect of the processes relevant to their businesses

63
Q

Weber’s iron cage

A

fear that processes of rationalization may take over all facets of our life ot the point where considerations of the individual are all but gone and peoplea re only able to move from one raitonalized structure to another; irraitonalities from rationality

64
Q

deviance

A

violation of recognized cultural norms

65
Q

crime

A

legal violation, soically sanctioned or not

66
Q

deviance vs crime

A

crime enacted into law where deviance is not always

67
Q

temporal variation

A

where a culture is located in time

68
Q

spatial variation

A

where a culture is located geographically

69
Q

social controls

A

mechansim that monitors behavior and sanction the violation of social norms

70
Q

internal social controls

A

seated w/i the individual and learned through the socializaiton processes

71
Q

external social controls

A

rely on societal mechanisms typically come into pay where internal control can not be relied upon; som einto play when internal social controls can not be relied upon

72
Q

biological explanation of deviance

A

genetic factors or biological make up explains deviance; can’t explain why genetically fit individuals commoits deviances; can not necesarily square cultural variability od deviances; cannot neccesarily square cultural variability of deviance with genes

73
Q

Lombroso

A

devient individuals had facial asym, excessive cheekbones, wrinkly skin; tattooed inds are born criminals bc they demonstrate insensitity to pain

74
Q

psychological explaination of deviance

A

some inds lack social controls; arbitrary cut offs for who is and who is not mentally ill; definitons fuzzy at best and the role cultural values lay in them

75
Q

sociopathy

A

lack of interal controls

76
Q

social explaination of deviance

A

cultural context explains deviance; somewehat better suited to handle varianation in perceptions of deviance; ablet o understand how power factors into what is considred deviance; dec varies according to cultural norms

77
Q

Merton’s strain theory

A

deviance is pratical response to society; questions who gets power to names

78
Q

labeling theory

A

deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions; labels affect people’s behaviors and deviance arises from how others respond to idnviduals as muchas what people do

79
Q

stigma

A

powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person’s self concept and social identity

80
Q

primary deviance

A

violations of norma that provoke only a slight rxn from others that hold little impact on a person’s conception of self

81
Q

secondary deviance

A

responses to primary deviances in which a person begins to take on a deviant identity and break the rules

82
Q

retrospective labeling

A

reinterpretaiton of one’s past in light of present behaviors

83
Q

projective labeling

A

current deviant identity is extrapolated into the future

84
Q

Bruce Western (2007)

A

shows that young black males are going to jail much more so compared to the even recent past even though they are not committing more street crimes compared to the past

85
Q

attempts to curve deviance

A

retribution, incapacitation, rehabilitation, deterrence

86
Q

retribution

A

an act of moral vengeance by which scoiety makes the offender sufer as much as the suffering caused by the crime; oldest justification for punishment; punishment is society’s revenge for a moral worng; punishment should be equal in severity to the crime itself

87
Q

incapacitaiton

A

aka societal protection; rendering an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through imprisonment or permanentlly by execution; modern approach easier to carry out than rehabilitation

88
Q

rehabilitation

A

program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses; modern strategy linked to the development of social sciences

89
Q

deterrence

A

attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment; early modern approach

90
Q

white collar crime

A

committed by people of high scoial position in the course of their occupations for either personal gain, or to further a formal organization’s goal

91
Q

organizational white collar crime

A

for the benefit of the organization

92
Q

occupational white collar crime

A

for personal gain

93
Q

structural functional theory and deviance

A

marco level; deviance is a basic part of social organization; by defining deviance society sets its moral boundaries; deviance is universal and exists in al societies

94
Q

symbolic interaction theory and deviance

A

micro level; deviance is part of socially constructed reality that emerges in interaction; deviance comes into being as individuals label something deviant; deviance is variable any act or person may or may not be labeled deviant

95
Q

social conflict theory and deviance

A

macro level; deviance results from social inequality; norms, including laws reflect the interests of powerfu lmembers of society; deviance is political: people w little power are at high risk of being labeled deviant

96
Q

race conflict and feminist theories

A

macro level; deviance reflects racial and gender inequality; deviant labels are more readily applied to women and other minorities; deviance is a means of control: dominant categories of people discredit other as a means to dominate them

97
Q

structural function theory and social stratification

A

macro level; strat is a system of unequal rewards that benefits society as a whole; social position reflects personal talents and abilites in a competitive economy; uneqal rewards are fair and boost econ production by encouraging people

98
Q

social conflict theory and social stratification

A

macro level; strat is a division of society’s resources that benefits some people and harms others; social position reflects the way society divides resources; unequal rewards are unfair bc they only serve to divide society

99
Q

symbolic interaction theory and social stratificaiton

A

micro level; strat is a factor that guides people’s interctions in everyday life; the products we consume all say something about social position; unequal rewards may be unfair

Intro to Sociology (2 decks)

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