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Parasit Exam 3 > Protozoa 2 > Flashcards

Protozoa 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Giardia intestinalis

-host

A
  • dogs, cats, cattle, HUMANs

- Assemblage specific

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2
Q

Giardia intestinalis

  • ID
  • site of infection
A
  • trophozoites, cysts

- small intestine

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3
Q

Giardia intestinalis

-pathogenesis/lesions

A
  • attach to microvilli of proximal small bowel to feed, occasionally cause duodenal ulcerations
  • malabsorption common
  • asymtomatic, trophozoites can cause acute focal inflammation
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4
Q

Giardia intestinalis

  • CS
  • Dx
A
  • none, acute or chronic diarrhea

- fecal smear demonstrates cysts and trophozoites; fecal flotation with zinc sulphate; ELISA

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5
Q

Giardia intestinalis

-Tx/prevention

A
  • no tx are approved in the USA for dogs and cats. Parasiticides & hygiene
  • several benzimidazole remedies approved for cattle
  • prevent with sanitation & disinfection
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6
Q

Spironucleus (Hexamita)

  • hosts
  • ID
A
  • Domestic & wild fowl, NOT chickens
  • two nuclei, flagellated
  • one species infects turkeys, one species infects pigeons
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7
Q

Spironucleus (Hexamita)

-LC

A
  • Same as Giardia
  • birds vs mammals
  • the large vs small intestine
  • infectious catarrhal enteritis
  • young birds affected
  • droppings from carrier birds
  • contamination of shoes or equipment carries fecal material to one location from another
  • trophozoite and cyst stages
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8
Q

Spironucleus (Hexamita)

  • Site of infection
  • Pathogenesis/lesions/CS
A
  • Large intestine

- listlessness, watery or foamy diarrhea, rapid weight loss, severe losses in young birds of 3-5w

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9
Q

Spironucleus (Hexamita)

-dx

A

history, CS, demonstrate flagellate organisms in intestinal contents

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10
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus

  • hosts
  • ID
A
  • cattle
  • only trophozoite stage
  • 3 anterior flagella
  • undulating membrane
  • pear shaped
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11
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus

-LC

A
  • in urogenital tract
  • in the prepuce of bull
  • in vagina, cervix and uterus in cows
  • transmitted by coitus
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12
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus

  • site of infection
  • pathogenesis/lesions
A
  • uterus, cervix and vagina in cow
  • prepuce in bull
  • in bull there may be discharge, but therefore no lesions
  • in cow there may be endometritis
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13
Q

Trichomonosis in bulls

A
  • organism survives in microscopic folds of skin that line the bull’s penis and internal sheath
  • asymptomatic life time carrier
  • older bulls (over 3 years) more likely to become chronically infected than younger bulls
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14
Q

Trichomonosis in cows

A
  • the organism lives in the vagina, cervix, uterus
  • short lived, a cow or heifer can become repeatedly infected
  • cow may show a subtle, mild, vaginal discharge 1-3w (pyometra)
  • inflammatory response leading to early abortion
  • repeated breeding leading to wide ranges of gestational ages at pregnancy checks
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15
Q

Trichomonas foetus

-Dx

A
  • PCR; differentiate contaminate trichomonads; also detect dead cells
  • culture: slow (days), detect live cells only
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16
Q

Trichomonoas foetus Diagnosis is on a herd basis:

A
  • the bulls go back to work at the end of a long breeding season
  • a lot of open cows at the end of a short breeding season
  • 10-40% reduction in pregnant cows at pregnancy check time
  • a spread out calving season
  • three consecutive tests recommended for bulls, once a week for 3 consecutive weeks
17
Q

Trichomonoas foetus Dx Bulls

A
  • best to test after 2 weeks of sexual rest
  • usually culture for up to 7 days
  • if even one bull is positive, the whole herd are assumed to have been exposed
18
Q

Trichomonoas foetus Dx Cows

A
  • Usually clear infection rapidly-often in one season
  • test soon after embryo death
  • months delay for suggestive hx in a herd
19
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus

-Tx/prevention

A
  • no approved tx
  • prevention is the key
  • REPORTABLE
20
Q

Feline trichomonosis

-risk factors

A
  • age- one yr old or younger
  • breed- purebred
  • Hx of diarrhea
  • co-infection w/ other enteric protozoa
21
Q

Feline trichomonosis

  • transmission
  • symptoms
A
  • primary infection is by fecal-oral route
  • asymptomatic
  • symptomatic cats show diarrhea- cow pie like stools that are gassy and malodorous
22
Q

Feline trichomonosis

  • Dx
  • Tx
A

Direct fecal smear, fecal culturing, PRC

-Ronidazole

23
Q

Trichomonas spp

  • common name
  • hosts
A
  • Canker (pigeons)
  • Frounce (hawks)
  • domestic & wild fowl
24
Q

Trichomonas

-ID

A

-trophozoite pear shaped, single nucleus, four flagella and axostyle, similar to Tritrichomonas of cattle

25
Q

Trichomonas

-LC

A
  • trophozoites in oral-nasal cavity and upper digestive tract
  • three modes of infection
  • raptor feeding on infected prey bird
  • from adult to young pigeons “pigeon milk”
  • contaminated drinking water
26
Q

Trichomonas

  • site of infection
  • Pathogenesis/lesions/CS
A
  • esophagus & pharynx
  • small, yellowish lesions “cankers” in mouth
  • inflammation and ulceration of mucosa
  • diarrhea and death may occur
27
Q

Trichomonas

-Dx

A
  • demonstration of trichomonads in mucus or fluid of mouth or crop
  • yellowish-white nodules of oral cavity strongly suggest Trichomonas infection
28
Q 
Histomonas
-common name
-hosts
-ID
site of infection
A
  • Blackhead
  • fowl, turkeys, Heterakis is the vector
  • round to oval, pseudopodial movement
  • cecum and liver
29
Q

Pleomorphic

  • cecum
  • liver
A
  • cecum= flagellum

- liver= no flagellum

30
Q

Histomonas

-LC

A
  • trophozoites pass in feces die
  • trophozoites in eggs of heterakis gallinarum are infective
  • birds ingest eggs with trophozoite &/ earthworm
  • trophozoites released; invade cecal wall
  • may migrate to liver
31
Q

Histomonas

-pathogenesis/lesions/CS

A
  • causes infectious enterohepatitis
  • affects young turkeys and can be fatal
  • hemorrhagic liver w/ characteristic lesions: yellow to yellow-green circular depressions
  • marked cecal inflammation and ulceration
32
Q

Histomonas

  • Dx
  • Tx
A
  • lesions in cecum and liver on necropsy
  • trophozoites in liver or cecum
  • turkeys should be reared on ground that has not been used to rear birds (chickens) for at least 2 years

Parasit Exam 3 (11 decks)

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