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Biol3 > Exam 3: Microbial metabolism/growth > Flashcards

Exam 3: Microbial metabolism/growth Flashcards

1
Q

_____ integral membrane protein are associated with flavin molecules (derivative of riboflavin) 1st membrane series

A

Flavoprotein

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2
Q

________ are usually Fe - S protein integral membrane protein Fe alternative between oxidized reduced state.

A

Metal containing protein

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3
Q

_______ small organic molecule are sandwich between the lipid bilayer (peripheral components) E.coli ->menaquinoue

A

Ubiquinone

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4
Q

_______ include both integral & peripheral proteins are made of heme + Fe protein

A

Cytochromes

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5
Q

OiL means

A

Oxidase involves Lose of electron

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6
Q

RiG means

A

Reduction involves in gain electron

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7
Q

_______ used by organisms that cannot respire (no oxygen usage) -atp synthesized during glycolysis only in low yeid -no kreb cycle or ETC -terminal electron acceptor ether pyruvate or derivative -function is to generate steady supply of NAD+ which recycled

A

Fermentation

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8
Q

Fermentation process of propionibacteriun is ______

A

Co2 propionic acid Swiss cheese

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9
Q

Fermentation process of aspergillus, lactobacillus and streptococcus is ______

A

Lactic Acid -cheddar cheese, yogurt and soy sauce

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10
Q

Fermentation of lactose is _____

A

Stable mixed Acid and unstable Acid to butandiol pathway

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11
Q

_______ removal of amine group as ammonia

A

Deamination

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12
Q

Metabolism _________ large molecules are made from smaller subunit, demands of input of enrgy (endogonic reaction)

A

anabolic

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13
Q

metabolism ______ breakdown of larger molecule into smaller subunit, releases energy due to ________ process (exogonic reaction)

A

catabolic

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14
Q

______ is energy can neither be cread nor destoryed but can converted into another form.

A

1st law of thermdynamics

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15
Q

How many high energy bond does ATP have?

A

2 high enrgy bond

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16
Q

_______ some of all chemical reaction inside cell

  • they have a starting material intermediate and end product
  • pathways can be linear,branched or cyclical
  • pathways are tightly regulated,
  • goes into catabolic and anabolic pathways
A

metabolism

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17
Q

_______ used in biosynthetic and breakdown pathways

A

enzymes

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18
Q

_______ chemicals necessary for metabolisms such as sulfer or glucose

A

nutrients

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19
Q

_________ sources from which erngy is derived

A

energy source

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20
Q

________ carry electrons from one location ot another

A

electron carriers

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21
Q

________ elementrary building blocks

A

precursor metabolites

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22
Q

________ is the breakdown of sugar molecules to produce energy

  • pertains mainly to glucose metabolism; preferred enrgy source for cells
  • released energy is trapped for ATP synthesis
A

carbohydrate metabolism

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23
Q

Two processes in carbohydrate catabolism

_______ complete breakdown of glucose to CO2 and makes enormous amount of ATP

A

cellular respiration or just respiration

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24
Q

two processes in carbohydrate catabolism

________ partial oxidation of glucose; forms organic waste products and generates fewer ATP (compared to respiration)

A

fermentation

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25
Q

______ removeal of hydrogen atom (protion and electron)

A

dehydrogenation

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26
Q

______ removal of carbon di oxide

A

decarboxylation

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27
Q

_______ addition of phos phate group, which breaks down as substrate level, oxidative phosphorylatin and photophosphorylation

A

phosphorylation

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28
Q

________ are step common to both processes of glucose catabolism which oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid (3 carbon compound) in cytoplasm bacteria cell.

A

glycolysis

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29
Q

Respiration, it has a ATP generating process; three major steps:

Step 1. This is the Transition reaction that links to glycolysis to _______ which acetyl coenzyme A synthesis from pyruvic acid cytoplasm.

A

kreb’s cycle

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30
Q

Respiration, it has a ATP generating process; three major steps:

Step 2. In kreb’s cycle (aka tricarboxylic acid or citric acid cycle), oxidation of acetyl co-A to CO2 which occurs in cytoplasm and generates ______ & _______.

A

NADH & FADH2

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31
Q

Respiration, it has a ATP generating process; three major steps:

Step 3. During ______, FADH2 and NADH oxidation a series of electron carriers, energy released is used to generate many ATP molecules, another word “oxidative phosphorylation”

A

electron transport chain (ETC)

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32
Q

_________ is the most productive stage of energy harvesting, that involves collection of membrane associated carriers. asymmetrically arranged and pass e- from one to another membrame, which is 2 classes of carriers.

  1. some only accepts e- from previous member
  2. other accept e- / H+ pair e- to next member H+ are pumped across membrane
A

electron transport chain (ETC)

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33
Q

the electron transport chain in ________, operates at the plasma membrane level which is the surrogate mitochondrin

A

prokaryotes

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34
Q

the electron transport chain in ________, operates at the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

eukaryotes

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35
Q

respiration: 2 types

______ uses oxygen, final electron accept is molecular oxygen.

A

aerobic

note: final electron acceptor is always an inorganic molecule in respiration.

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36
Q

respiration: 2 types

________ does not use oxygen, final electron acceptor is inorganic molecule other than molecular oxygen.

how? (REMEMBER)

  1. receptor carbonate/bicarbonate makes methane
  2. SO4/S2O3 -> H2S
  3. Nitrates e- -> nitrite ->NO->N2
A

anaerobic

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37
Q

electronchemical gradient across membrane that ______ modify forces/energy

A

proton

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38
Q

_______ term used when microbes are introduced into a medium to initiate growth (rich nutrient source)

A

inoculum

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39
Q

_______ growth of microoganism in a culture medium.

A

culture

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40
Q

_____ refers to microbial mutiplication; increase in number or population, (bacterial divsion not bacterial size)

A

growth

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41
Q

_______ is defined as nutrient material prepared for growth of microorganism in lab

A

culture medium

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42
Q

________ descendants of a single cell and separated from others

A

pure culture

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43
Q

Bacterial growth result in ______ is aggregation of cells arising from a single parent cell.

A

colony

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44
Q

bacterial growth may result in _______, which is collection of surface microbes living in a complex community

A

biofilm

45
Q

________ it must contain appropriate nutrients in proper proportion for specific microorganism.

–it should contain sufficient moisture and properly adjusted pH which should be maintained ( by buffer)

–it must contain a suitable level of oxygen and energy source (chemotrophs)

–it must be sterile to begin with; not contaminated from start

–temperature should be maintained constant for growing cultures

A

culture medium

46
Q

Growth requirements are ____1__ factors and __2___ factors

A
  1. physical factors
  2. chemical factors
47
Q

______ factors are environmental factor which uses energy sunlight sources as A-Mosis such as temperature, pH, light and osmosis and osmotic pressure.

A

physical factors

48
Q

______ factors are nutritional factor which are acquire active or passive process.

A

chemical factors

49
Q

In Chemical factor, the nutrient uptake for substances movements is from a region of high concentration to low concentration, no expenditure of cellular energy example of simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion or movement H2O molecule (osmosis) is called _______

A

passive process

50
Q

In chemical factor, nutrient uptake functions when bacteria are in low nutrient enviornment and transported against concentration gradient, there is expenditure of cellular energy, example is active transport and group translocation is called ________

A

active process

51
Q

_______ small or lipid soluble substances easily moves down concentration gradient, movement continues until equilibrium is reached, example: CO2, O2, alcohol, small fatty acid chain, lipid soluble compound

A

simple diffusion

52
Q

_____ used by molecules unable to diffuse or fails to dissolve across lipid bilayer, use channel proteins, example: Urea, Glycerol and some vitamin

A

facilitated diffusion

53
Q

________ involves substances movement from outside to inside, against concentration gradient, substances that across membrane is not altered.

A

active transport

54
Q

_______ cells picks substance even through they are in low concentration outside than inside, substance altered during transport, prevents from leveing the cell

A

group translocation

55
Q

______ utilization by the phosphotransferase system purine, pyrimidines and long chain fatty acids transport

A

glucose

56
Q

________ lowest temperature at which species will grow; slow metabolism

A

minimum growth temperature

57
Q

_______ species grows best at this temperature; fastest growth metabolic activity/reaction are most effective.

A

optimum growth temperature

58
Q

________ highest temperature at which growth is possible, though slow growth

A

maximum growth temperature

59
Q

_______ goes up will destory or denature by breaking H2 bonds and goes below causes new H2 bonds to form

A

proteins temperature

60
Q

______ goes high makes the membrane more fluids and causes content to leak out and goes low make membrane rigid and fragile

A

lipid temperature

61
Q

Majority of human pathogens belongs to _______

is the moderate temperature loving microbes optimum temperature variable ( between 20 - 40 C)

  • optimum temperature for growth of most pathogen is close to that of host
  • clinical incubators and human pathogens 37C
A

Mesophiles

62
Q

_______ can survive brief high temp during inadequate pasteurization and canning

example: Mycobacterium leprae (armadillo) and treponema (rabbit)

A

Thermoduric mesophiles

63
Q

Cells maintains constant internal pH 3 groups based on the pH factor

I. ________: preferred pH range, from 6.5 – 7.5; internal cell pH is neutral

Ex: majority of pathogenic bacteria

A

Neutrophiles

64
Q

Cells maintains constant internal pH 3 groups based on the pH factor

II. ________: optimum pH below 5.5; preferred by many fungi

Ex: Thiobacillus ferroxidans, grows between 0 - 2 pH (obligate acidophiles)

  • oxidizes S compounds for energy
A

Acidophiles

65
Q

Cells maintains constant internal pH 3 groups based on the pH factor

III. ______: optimum pH above 8.5

Ex: Vibrio cholerae

  • found in alkaline soils and lakes
A

Alkalinophiles

66
Q

________ : net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane

  • movement is from area of high solvent to an area of low solvent concentration
A

Osmosis

67
Q

_________: pressure exerted on membrane by solutes in solution

A

Osmotic pressure

68
Q

A bacteria ______ (salt tolerant) can tolerate upto 20% salt

cause pimples, sties, boils etc

  • life threatening toxic shock syndrome
A

staphylococcus aureus

69
Q

the 6 keys for _______ factors are water, trace elements, nitrogen sulfer phosphorous, growth factors, carbon and energy and oxygen

A

chemical factors

70
Q

___ transport in blood from liver to bone marrow, if ___ is in blood stream, are more prone to bacteria

A

Fe

71
Q

_______, required in small amount ( Cu, Zn,Co, Mb, Se), acts as cofactor for enzymes.

Sterile tap water is preferred over distilled water

  • contains sufficient amount of ions and satisfies nutrient req.
A

Trace elements ( aka Micronutrient )

72
Q

_______ used for building blocks, transport processes and moltility.

uses sunlight (phototrophs)

and metabolism of chemical compounds (chemotrophs)

A

energy source

73
Q

______ are inorganic carbon (autotrophs) and organic compounds (heterotrophs)

A

carbon source

74
Q

________ are highly reactive, toxic, metabolic product found in cytoplasm

  • are neutralized by superoxide dismutase (SOD)
A

Superoxide radicals ( O2-)

75
Q

______ are active components of many antimicrobial agents

  • toxic peroxide (generated during normal metabolism) is neutralized by Catalase
A

Hydrogen peroxide and peroxide anion (O22-)

76
Q

______ use a reducing agent; don’t form water

A

Peroxidase

77
Q

Role of vitamins ___ and ___ Acts as antioxidants; provide electrons that reduces toxic forms of oxygen

A

E and C

78
Q

oxygen requirements in ______ respiration produce more energy and growth, such as obligate aerobes, microaerophiles and facultative aerobic

A

aerobic

79
Q

oxygen requirement in _______/_______ produce less energy and growth which are obligate anaerobes and aerotolerant

A

anaerobic/fermentation

80
Q

_________ Ex: Pseudomonas aeroginosa

SOD or catalase: abundance

A

Obligate aerobes:

81
Q

_______: Ex: Helicobacter pylorii (tolerant to 2-10 % O2

SOD or catalase limited amount and so have limited ability to detoxify

A

Microaerophiles

82
Q

_______: Ex: E.coli

SOD or catalase moderate level

A

Facultative anaerobes

83
Q

_______: Ex: Clostridium and Bacteroides sps

SOD or catalase absent; intolerant to oxygen; it’s lethal

A

Obligate anaerobes

84
Q

_______: aka obligate fermenters Ex: Strep pyogenes, Lactobacillus sps

SOD or catalase little amount but don’t use O2 for energy harvesting process

A

Aerotolerant

85
Q

•__________ : is one whose exact chemical composition is known

–has all required nutrients ( glucose, salts) for the target microbe(s)

–may contain vitamins / amino acids in known quantity

A

Chemically defined medium (simple / synthetic)

86
Q

•_______ : is one whose exact composition is unknown ( peptones?)

  • nutrients are derived from soy, yeast or beef extract / partial digests
  • vitamins and organic growth factors are provided by the extract
A

Complex medium

87
Q

____ are complex polysaccharide, derived from marine algae

  • has no nutritive value; few microbes can degrade it
  • used at a 1.5 - 1.55% final concentration (high concentration ?)
  • dissolves at 100°C and solidifies at 45°C (heat labile nutrients, add later)
  • agar is translucent and makes easier to visualize colonies
A

Agar

88
Q

___1_____: have components that inhibit growth of unwanted bacteria and encourage the growth of desired microorganism

is the cocktail of antimicrobial agent that encourage Gram (-) diplococci gonorrea and inhibits growth of all gram (+) rods and cocci also Gram (-) rods.

___2_____ H2O for N. gonorrea isolation forum clinical samples

____3______ contain high salt and sugar with low pH supports fungal growth good for fungi isolation

A
  1. Selective media
  2. Thayer Martin media
  3. sabouraud’s media
89
Q

_______: designed for easier detection and isolation of microorganism of interest from others growing on the same plate

  • often a particular trait of the microbe is exploited.

Ex: Blood agar and hemolysin

A

Differential media

90
Q

______ medium contain sheep, chicken, rabbit, horse, donkeys blood (never human blood)

A

blood agar

91
Q

In blood agar medium ______ hemolysis due to secretion of alpha hedysin exotoxin incomple destruction RBC

A

alpha

92
Q

In blood agar medium ______ hemolysis complete destuction of RBC’s halo around the cells Beta hemolysin exotoxin

A

Beta hemolysis

93
Q

In blood agar medium ______ hemolysis no effect on RBC’s it target lymphocytes instead

A

gamma hemolysis

94
Q

In anaerobic growth media, uses ________ to absorbs all avaible oxygen and it makes it unavaible for anaerobic growth

A

sodium thioglycollate

95
Q

________: are usually used in clinical settings

Ensures

i. individuals are not infected
ii. specimen not contaminated and cells are kept alive
- Media contains buffer and absorbents
- Buffers are critical to keep cell’s healthy and to maintain ratios of different microbes in specimen
- Absorbents “soaks up” wastes generated so that it’s not toxic to cells

A

Transport media

96
Q

_______: have components that favors the isolation of specific bacteria from low level to detectable levels.

Vibrio cholerae and cold enrichment

A

Enrichment media

97
Q

_______ are for M. leprae and Treponema sps in animals

Chlamydia and Rickettsias

  • birds eggs and cell culture are used to cultivate these
A

Animal cell cultures

98
Q

_______ is use of CO2 incubators and candle jars

Neisseria gonorrhoeae: capnophile and corn starch

A

Low oxygen culture:

99
Q

______ aka population doubling time, time it taken for bacterial cell to double it size.

A

gerneration time (GT)

100
Q

______ ( harmful) Virus “killing” of host cell following replication

A

Antagonistic

101
Q

______ (beneficial) is symbiotic or complex

A

Synergistic

102
Q

________: organisms lives in close contact ( physically or nutritionally); individually are interdependent

Ex: E.coli inhabitation of intestine

A

Symbiotic relationship

103
Q

_______ (aka. biofilm) are cooperative; benefits are amplified

In humans, biofilms plays a major role in 65% of infections

Ex: microbes of different species are attached to tooth surface, mucous membrane of intestine and other body areas

A

Complex relationship

104
Q

______ are observed in Households such as

Industry: microbes accumulation in pipes, drains and cooling towers

Nature: slipperiness of rocks

Health: prostatitis, kidney infection, otitis media, cystic fibrosis and infections associated with medical device implantation ( catheters, heart valves, contact lenses, IUD, prosthetic joints etc)

  • reservoir of pathogen(s) for recurring infections
  • are formed on surfaces that are in contact with fluids

Cooperative interactions allows species to grow which wouldn’t have grown in the 1st place

Ex : O2 utilization and anaerobic bacterial growth in mouth

A

Biofilms

105
Q

______ develops as an slimy matrix which

allows cells as well as the biofilm to attach

Matrix is made of,

  • DNA
  • proteins
  • fibers of glycocalyces
A

Biofilms

106
Q

_______ (with associated matrix ) protects members from environmental stress ( uv radiation), antimicrobial drugs including antibiotics, pH alterations, temperature and humidity changes

concentrate and conserve digestive enzymes

Additionally, often are protected from immune attack due to the matrix; challenge for medical treatment

A

Biofilm

107
Q

_______ is the communication between members

  • cells responds to neighboring cell’s density and secretes molecules
A

Quorum sensing

108
Q

________ When large # of cells leaves the biofilm and disseminate

  • cells have the potential to form biofilms distally

Cystic fibrosis patients and Pseudomonas sps

A

Planktonic showers

Biol3 (26 decks)

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