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Pre-Midterm Micro > Disease Transmission & Emerging/Re-emerging diseases > Flashcards

Disease Transmission & Emerging/Re-emerging diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Non-transmissible infectious diseases

A

Person cannot spread the disease to a new person (Tetanus)

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2
Q

Source/Reservoir in Direct transmission

A

Normally are the same thing

In indirect transmission, the source and reservoir are normally different

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3
Q

Droplets

A

Direct transmission

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4
Q

Airborne/aerosols

A

Indirect transmission

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5
Q

Transmission involving vectors

A

Indirect transmission

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6
Q

4 main groups of biological transmission

A

1- Propagative: multiplies, but no change/development (Bacteria)

2- Cyclopropagative: multiplies and changes/develops (protozoa)

3- Cyclodevelopmental: develops but doesn’t multiply (nematodes and trematodes)

4- Vertical: from mother to infant

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7
Q

Pathogen associated with surgical incisions

A

S. aureus

causes wound infections

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8
Q

Pathogen associated with urinary catheters

A

E. coli and other G-

causes UTIs

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9
Q

Pathogen associated with IV catheters

A

S. epidermidis
C. albicans
causes bacteremia and local infections

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10
Q

Pathogen associated with needlestick injuries

A

HBV, HCV, HIV

Causes hepatitis and AIDS

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11
Q

Pathogen associated with intubation

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Causes pneumonia

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12
Q

Pathogens transmitted by Aedes app.

A

Chikungunya
Dengue
Zika
Yellow fever

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13
Q

Disinfectant agents that can kill bacterial spores

A

H2O2
Formaldehyde
Chlorine
Glutaraldehyde

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14
Q

Only compounds that are both disinfectants and antiseptics in healthcare setting

A

Alcohols

H2O2

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15
Q

Sterilization by gamma rays/ionizing radiation

A

Disrupts DNA

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16
Q

Sterilization by microwaves/non-ionizing radiation

A

Disrupts cell membranes

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17
Q

Sterilization by H2O2 plasma

A

Free radicals interact w the cell membranes, enzymes or nucleic acids

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18
Q

Sterilization by ozone gas

A

Oxidation of cell membranes

19
Q

Sterilization by autoclaving

A

Denatures and coagulates proteins

20
Q

Sterilization by ethylene oxide gas

A

Alkylates amino acids, nucleic acids etc.

21
Q

Autochthonous

A

native to the place where it is found endemically

22
Q

Opportunistic pathogens

A

Require pre-existing host compromise
Exposure is accidental
Cannot infect and uncompromised host

23
Q

True pathogens

A

Do not require a pre-existing compromise to infect.
Can infect healthy and imcl’d
Sometimes exposure is accidental

24
Q

Virulence

A

Damage in a susceptible host due to a host-microbe interaction

25
Q

Persistent infections

A

Not eliminated by the host immune system
Chronic: long duration, slow developing, shedding continues
Latent: genome maintained in host without replication. No shedding. (ex. TB)

26
Q

Examples of Chronic persistent infections

A

Typhoid fever (S. typhi)
Leprosy
Syphillis

27
Q

Examples of latent persistent infections

A

TB (M. tuberculosis)

28
Q

3 classes of exotoxins:

A

Class I- membrane acting/bind to host cell surface
Class II- membrane damaging
Class III- intracellular

29
Q

Pertussis toxin

A

ADP ribosylates G proteins– blocks inhibition of adenylate cyclase in susceptible cells.

30
Q

Coagulase

A

converts fibrin to fibrinogen

Seen in S. aureus

31
Q

Advantages of biofilm formation

A

1- Resistance to antimicrobial agents
2- Resist host immune response
3- Act as reservoir

32
Q

Strategies for Fe acquisition by bacteria

A

1- Synthesis of surface receptors
2- Synthesis of siderophores
3- Reduction of Fe3+

33
Q

Streptokinase

A

“invasins”

converts plasminogen to plasmin protease–> allows spread of infection by breaking down fibrin barrier.

34
Q

Exs of emerging infectious disease:

A

Chikungunya

WNV

35
Q

Exs of re-emerging infectious diseases

A

Measles

M. tuberculosis

36
Q

Emerging diseases

A
  • New/Never seen before
  • old diseases occurring in a new place and/or a new population
  • old diseases with new clinical presentations
  • old disease that has become newly resistant to medications
37
Q

CHIKV emergence

A

2013 emerged in the Caribbean
Outbreaks of fever and debilitating arthralgia
Autochthonous transmission

38
Q

WNV outbreaks

A

1999- NE USA (NY, NJ, DE, MD)
2000- PA,VA, NC
2001- Midwest, and SE
2002- CA, rocky mountain states, TX

39
Q

WNV emergence

A

widespread, multiple vectors (>30 different mosquitoes)
Birds are reservoir
Humans and Horses= dead-end hosts, who lack immunity.
Can infect >150 diff spp. of birds
No specificity of spp.

40
Q

Re-emergence

A

Previously present and increasing again in incidence.
Due to:
- susceptible population
- changes in pathogen

Seen in vaccine-preventable diseases

41
Q

Factors influencing disease emergence/re-emergence

A 
1- Human demographics and behavior
2- Technology and industry
3- Economic development and land use
4- International travel and commerce
5- Microbial adaptation and change
6- Breakdown of public health infrastructure.
42
Q

Ex of an emerging disease due to urbanisation

A

Dengue

43
Q

Dengue

A

Flaviviridae
+ssRNA, icosahedral
Enveloped
Vector-borne daytime Aedes mosquito

Pre-Midterm Micro (8 decks)

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