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A&P 1 Exam 5 > Chapter 11 powerpoint > Flashcards

Chapter 11 powerpoint Flashcards

1
Q

sensory receptors

A

detects stimulus and sensory neurons convey message to control centers

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2
Q

integration

A

control center in brain/cord process/ interpret sensory input coordinate appropriate response to stimuli

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3
Q

motor

A

motor neurons send messages from control center to effectors to bring about response

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4
Q

neuroglia (supporting cells)

A

2 in PNS+ 4 in CNS

most have cell body w projections, each has a specific function

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5
Q

CNS Neuroglia

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal cells
  • Oligodendrocytes
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6
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • CNS
  • most abundant
  • act as scaffolding for neurons
  • anchors neurons to capillaries
  • maintain composition of interstitial fluid
  • in embryos secrete chemicals that help neurons make connections
  • recycle neurotransmitters
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7
Q

Microglia

A
  • CNS
  • small cells
  • macrophages
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8
Q

oligodendrocytes

A
  • CNS
  • fewer projections
  • projections form myelin sheath in CNS
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9
Q

Ependymal

A
  • CNS
  • Epithelium like
  • simple cuboidal w/ cilia
  • line the ventricles/central canals
  • forms part of the choroid plexus (which produces cerebrospinal fluid)
  • cilia beat and circulate CSF
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10
Q

PNS supporting cells

A
  • satellite

- Schwann cell

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11
Q

Satellite cell

A
  • PNS
  • cling to surface of neuron cell bodies in ganglia
  • function unclear
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12
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • PNS
  • form myelin in PNS
  • insulate neuron axons- helps regenerate injured axon
  • nodes of ranvier (1mm)
  • neurolemma is outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer
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13
Q

myelinated

A

faster conduction of nerve impulse (white matter)

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14
Q

Neurons

A

nerve cells

  • conduct electrical impulses
  • extreme longevity
  • amitotic (w/few except)
  • fast rate of metabolism
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15
Q

cell body- Ganglia

A

collections of nerve cell bodies found in the PNS

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16
Q

cell body- Nuclei

A

collections of nerve cell bodies found in the CNS

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17
Q

processes- tracts

A

bundles of nerves cell processes found in the CNS

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18
Q

processes- nerves

A

bundles of nerve cell processes found in the PNS

  • axons
  • dendrites
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19
Q

axon

A

generate nerve impulses and transmits them

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20
Q

dendrites

A

main receptive or input regions

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21
Q
  • 99% of neurons
  • major neuron type in the CNS
  • 3+ processes
A

multipolar neuron

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22
Q
  • rare
  • found in the special sense organs (eye, olfactory mucosa)
  • 2 processes extending from opposite sides
A

Bipolar neurons

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23
Q
  • found mainly in PNS
  • most are sensory neurons
  • single, short process extending from cell body and divides
A

unipolar neuron

24
Q

neurons (functional classification)

A
  1. Sensory (afferent)
    - message to CNs
    - most unipolar
  2. motor (efferent)
    - message from CNS
    - most unipolar
  3. interneurons (association neurons)
    - connect afferent and efferent neurons
    - mostly multipolar
25
Q

neurons communicate via?

A

electrical impulses and neurotransmitters

26
Q

ion channels

A

allow ions to diffuse across membrane

27
Q

Leakage channels

A
  • never fully close, allows slow diffusion of specific ion

- there are more K+ leakage channels than there are NA+ leakage channels

28
Q

gated channels

A

open and closed, when closed do not allow diffusion

  • voltage
  • gated
  • mechanically
29
Q

Voltage gated channels

A

open when membrane potential changes

30
Q

Ligand gated channels

A

open when chemicals (like hormones/neurotransmitters) attach to them

31
Q

mechanically gated channels

A

open and close in response to mechanical forces (like vibrations and pressure)

32
Q

Graded potential

A

localized, short lived change in membrane potential occurs on dendrites and cell bodies

33
Q

graded potential steps

A
  • stimulus (heat, pressure) detected on cell body/ dendrites
  • causes ligand or mechanically channels to open
  • Depolarization or hyperpolarization of membrane
  • change in potential ripples out from contact point
34
Q

graded potential contl

A
  • only initial stimulus open ion channel
  • less effective as it moves away from contact point
  • big stimulus causes more channels to open, bigger waves
  • if change in potential reaches the axon hillock at enough strength, may cause action potential
35
Q

action potential- nerve impulses

A
  • graded potential reach hillock voltage gated channels to open
  • Na+ rushes into cell
  • membrane depolarizes that location
  • @ -55mV potential propagates/ Na+ channels on adjacent membrane open
36
Q

action potential (cont)

A
  • Na+ channels open immediately followed by Na+ channel closing and K+ channel opens
  • K+ rused out the cell
  • membrane repolarizes
  • repolarization (K+ channels on adjacent membrane open)
37
Q

speed of transmission depends on

A
  1. Axon diameter

2. myelin sheath

38
Q

Axon diameter

A

bigger diameter=faster transmission
A fibers
B fibers
C Fibers

39
Q

A fibers

A

large diameter. go to skin, skeletal muscles, joints

40
Q

B fibers

A

smaller diameter

- autonomic nervous system fibers

41
Q

C fibers

A

smallest diameter

- autonomic nervous system

42
Q

myelin sheath

A

Saltatory conduction faster (at nodes of ranvier)

- A& B myelinated, C is unmyelinated

43
Q

synapses

A

(where neurons communicate w each other)

  • electrical
  • chemical
44
Q

Electrical synapses

A
  • neurons connected via gap junctions

- found in developing embryos and limited areas of adult brains

45
Q

chemical synapses

A

-specialized for the release and reception of chemical neurotransmitters

46
Q

activity at the chemical synapse

A

AP reaches axon terminal of presynaptic neuron

  • Ca2+ voltage gated channels open
  • Ca2_ floods into axon terminal
  • exocytosis of neurotransmitters
  • neurotransmitter crosses cleft and attaches to receptor
47
Q

excitatory synapses

A
  • Na+ and K+ channels open
  • Na+ diffuses faster bc of higher gradient of Na+
  • membrane depolarizes
  • GRADED POTENTIAL
48
Q

inhibitory synapses

A

-K+ channels open and K+ diffuses out or

Cl- channels open and Cl- diffuses in

49
Q

neurotransmitters must be removed from cleft

A
  • catalyzed by enzyme
  • taken back up by presynaptic neuron or astrocyte
  • diffuse away from cleft

(slowest part of neuron communication)

50
Q

what is faster? a multisynaptic or single synaptic pathway faster?

A

SINGLE

51
Q

neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals released by a presynaptic neuron into the

synaptic cleft and attaches to postsynaptic neuron where it causes some effect

52
Q

Acetylcholine

A

used at skeletal neuromotor junctions and by autonomic and interneurons neurons

53
Q

Dopamine ( a catecholamine)

A

Important in integrating emotions and skeletal muscle tone
Too little = Parkinson’s
Too much = schizophrenia

54
Q

Serotonin (indolamine)

A

Involved in sensory reception, mood, appetite, sleep

55
Q

endorphins-

A

-reduce our sense of pain

Provide the “runners high”

A&P 1 Exam 5 (4 decks)

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