Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy 2 Test 3 > Chapter 25 > Flashcards

Chapter 25 Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism and nutrition on homeostasis

A

harvest cheical energy from consumed nutrients to contribute to bodys growth, repair and normal functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what do most food molecules supply and what do the others serve as

A

most- energy
some- building blocks
other- stored for future use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is metabolism

A

all the chemical reactions that occur in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Metabolism is a balance of what two main types of reaction

A

catabolic and anabolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is a catabolic reaction

A

break down complex molecules into simpler ones
exergonic
ex. glycolysis krebs cycle and electron transport chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is anabolic reaction

A

combine simple molecules and monomers to form bodys complex structural and functional components

  • generally endergonic
    e. formation of peptide bonds, building fatty acids, linkage of glucose monomers to form glycogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the molecule that participates most often in energy exchanges in living cells

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does ATP do

A

couples energy releasing catabolic reactions to energy requiring anabolic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the process of digestion of carbs in the GI tract

A

poly and disaccharides become monosaccharides (glucose fructose galactose)
hepatocytes: most fructose and galactose ->glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the fate of glucose (4 steps)

A
  1. ATP production - glucose is oxidized to produce ATp or glucose can enter another metabolic pathway
  2. Amino acid synthesis
  3. glycogen synthesis - hepatocytes and muscle fibers (glycogenesis)
  4. triglyceride synthesis - when glycogen stores are maxed out. hepatocytes: glucose->glycerol and fatty acids->synthesis of triglycerides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the synthesis of triglycerides

A

lipogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the 2 steps of glucose entry into cells

A
  1. absorption from go tract: NA+ glucose symporters (secondary active transport)
  2. blood to cells: GluT(facilitated diffusion) - insulin increase # of GluT4
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the oxidation of glucose to ATP

A

cellular respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the4 sets of reactions in glucose catabolism

A

glycolysis, formation of Acetyl coenzyme A,

krebs cycle, electron transport chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what happens in glycolysis and is it anaerobic or aerobic

A

1 glucose -> 2 pyruvic acid + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2H (anaerobic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what happens in formation of Acetyl Coenzyme A

A

2 pyruvic acid - > Acetyl CoA

+ 2 CO2 + 2 NADH + 2 H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

krebs cycle formula

A

2 Acetyl CoA -> 2ATP + 4CO2

+ 6NADH + 6H+ + 2 FADH2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

electron transport chain formula

A

10NADH + 10H+ + 2 FADH2 + 6O2

-> 32 (or34) ATP + 6H20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Glycolysis

A

series of 10 reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

occurs in the cell cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In glycolysis what happens

A

glucose ->2 pyretic acid
2 ATP used, 4 ATP produced
net gain 2 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is reaction #3 of glycolsis

A

Reaction #3
Fructose-6-phosphate -> Fructose 1,6bisphosphate
Catalyzed by enzyme : PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE
REGULATOR OF RATE OF GLYCOLYSIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what determines the rate of glycolysis

A

slowest enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

If ADP is high during glycolysis what happens

A

high enzyme activity

high rate glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

if low enzyme activity during glycolysis what happen

A

little glycolysis

most glucose ->glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the fate of pyruvic acid depends on what

A

availability of O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

if aneaerobic (no O2) then what occurs with pyruvic acid and formation of acetyl CoA

A

2 pyruvic acid +2NADH +2H+ -> 2 lactic Acid +2NAD+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

if aerobic (has O2) then what occurs with pyruvic acid and formation of acetyl CoA

A

2 pyruvic acid -> 2 Acetyl Coenzyme A

(in mitochondrial matrix)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

2 Pyruvic acid -> 2 Acetyl Group

A

catalyzed by: PURUVATE DEHYDROGENASE

produces 2 CO2 and 2NADH + 2H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

2 Acetyl Group + 2 Coenzyme A ->

A

2 Acetyl Coenzyme A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Acetyl coenzyme A =

A

substrate for Krebs cycle

it drives the krebs cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

where does the krebs cycle occur

A

matrix of mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what happens in the krebs cycle

A
  • a series of redox and decarboxylations
  • release CO2
  • chemical energy is transferred to NAD+ & FAD
  • odidation of pyruvic acid derivatives
  • reduction of conexzymes (NAD &FAD)
    • > NADH & FADH2
    • > energy carries into electron transport chain
  • 12 molecules of ATP generated
  • release of CO2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

2 acetyl CoA - > 6 NADH + 6H+ + 2 FADH2 + 4CO2 + 2ATP

A

krebs cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

where does electron transport chain occur

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what happens to the carriers in chain during ETC

A
  1. reduced as puck up electrons

2. oxidized as gives up electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

exergonic reaction in ETC release energy to make

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Brief summary of ETC

A 
(1) Energy from NADH + H+ passed along 
the transport chain, used to pump H+ into 
Inter mitochondrial membrane space 
(proton pump)
(2) ->High H+ concentration in space
(3)  H+ diffusion down H+ concentration 
gradient drives ATP synthase to make ATP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

in glycolysis and krebs cycle what happens to coenzymes

A

pumped across intermitochondrial membraine and then come back in to make ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what produced in catabolism is

A

metabolic water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

carbohydrate metabolism or catabolism formula

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 38 ADP + 38Pi –> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

(anabolism) glucose storage is called ____ because what

A

glycogenesis because glucose can be stored as glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

(anabolism) how does glycogenesis occur

A

insulins stimulates hepatocytes and skeletal muscle to perform glycogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

(anabolism) What is glucose release called

A

glycogenolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

(anabolism) glycogen can be broke down into ____ for use by _____

A

glucose

hepatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

(anabolism) ___ and ____ activate enzyme phosphorylase (NB phosphates is absent in skeletal muscle)

A

glucagon and epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

(anabolism) Glucose from proteins and fats is called

A

glucoeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

(anabolism) when live is low on glycogen this means

A

time to eat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

(anabolism) if you don’t eat what happens to your body

A

it starts catabolizing triglycerides and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

(anabolism) Amino acids - > pyruvic acid -> ??

A

glucose or krebs cycle

51
Q

(anabolism) Triglycerides -> glycerol -> glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate -> ??

A

pyretic acid or gluconeogenesis

52
Q

Lipid metabolism is what

A

transport of lipids in the blood

53
Q

When lipids are transported to the blood what happens

A

made more water-soluble by combination with proteins

->lipoproteins act as transport vesicles

54
Q

(Lipid metabolism) Outer shell is

A

protiens phospholipids and cholesterol

55
Q

(lipid metabolism) inner core

A

triglycerides

56
Q

what are the proteins in the outer shell

A

apoproteins (Apo A->E)

57
Q

(Lipid Metabolims) what do chylomicrons do

A

transport dietary lipid to adipose tissue for storage

58
Q

in lipid metabolism what does Apo-C2 do

A
  • > activates endothelial lipoprotein lipase

- >removal of fatty acids by adipocytes for synthesis and storage of triglycerides.

59
Q

in lipid metabolism what does Apo E do

A
  • > docking protein.

- >Removal of chylomicron by hepatocytes.

60
Q

in lipid metabolism what does Apo-C2 do

A

-> activates endothelial lipoprotein lipase

As they deposit their triglycerides VLDLs -> LDLs

61
Q

What are VLDLs

A

very low density lipoproteins which are formed in hepatocytes
endogeneous lipids

62
Q

LDLS carry out how much of total cholesterol in blood

A

75%

63
Q

Cholesteol is used for what

A

membrane repair and steroid hormone synthesis

64
Q

Excess LDLs can lead to what

A

fatty deposits on artery smooth muscles which means bad cholesterol

65
Q

High fat diet can lead to

A

high levels of VLDLs which means high levels of LDLs leading to bad cholesterol

66
Q

what do HDLs do

A

remove excess cholesterol from blood/cells to liver for elmination

67
Q

What are are the 2 sources of cholesterol

A

food and synthesis in hepatocytes

68
Q

what are the desirable levels
problem levels
and solutions for cholesterol and LDL VLDLs

A

-Desirable Levels: TC=under 200mg/dL LDL=under 130mg/dL
HDL =over 40mg/dL VLDL=10-190mg/dL
-Problem Levels: TC above 200mg/dL  heart attack risk x2 per 50mg/dL over
Ratio TC:HDL predicts coronary artery disease (above 4 undesirable)
-Solutions: Diet, Exercise (increases HDLs),
Drugs (enhance excretion, block synthesis)

69
Q

what are the Lipid profile test measures:

A

Total Cholesterol (TC), HDLs, VLDLs. LDLs calculated

70
Q

What do statens do

A

influence cholesterol production within cells, common for HBP medicine

71
Q

What occurs during triglyceride storage

A
  • Adipose tissue removes triglycerides from chylomicrons and VLDLs
  • Stored until needed elsewhere for ATP synthesis
  • Stored more readily than glycerol
  • Stored triglycerides = 98% bodys source of energy
  • Continually being broken down and resynthesized.
72
Q

Lipid Catabolism is called what and what occurs

A
  • Lipolysis
  • Triglyceride ->glycerol and fatty acids
  • Catalyzed by lipases
  • Enhanced by hormones
73
Q

Glycerol and Fatty acids are catabolized by

A

different pathways.

74
Q

(lipid metabolism glycerol catabolism)

if cell ATP supply is high, what occurs?
if cell ATP supply is low, what occurs?

A

further converted to glucose

further catabolized to pyruvic acid

75
Q

Glycerol ->

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

76
Q

Fatty acids ->

A

beta oxidation in mitochondrial matrix (high ATP production)

77
Q

you can make much more ATP from

A

fat

78
Q

potential energy is stored as

A

fat (vast majority)

79
Q

2C fragments attach to coenzyme A ->

A

acetyl CoA -> krebs cycle

80
Q

during digestion proteins ->

A

amino acids

81
Q

after digestion what happens to amino acids

A

they reassemble into proteins

82
Q

what do several proteins serve as

A

structural components of the body (collagen, elastin, keratin)

83
Q

What happens during protein catabolism

A
  • Proteins from worn out cells broken down into amino acids
    • Some amino acids converted to other amino acids then to proteins.
    • Hepatocytes convert amino acids  fatty acids, Ketone bodies, glucose.
    • Small amounts of amino acids can be used in for the Krebs cycle
    • BUT must be first converted into a molecule that is part of the Krebs cycle or into a molecule that can enter the Krebs cycle.
    • Amino acid must be DEAMINATED (removal of amino group)
    • Deamination in liver produces ammonia (excreted as urea by kidneys).
84
Q

active transport of amino acids into body cells is stimulated by

A

insuline like growth factors and insulin

85
Q

many proteins function as ___ ; others involved in transportation(hemoglobin) or serve as ____

A

enzymes

antibodies

86
Q

protein anabolism occurs on

A

ribosome

87
Q

What occurs during protein anabolism

A
  • Formation of new proteins from amino acids.
  • Carried out by ribosomes, directed by the cells DNA
  • Stimulated by: insulin like growth factors, thyroid hormones T3 & T4, insulin, estrogen, testosterone
88
Q

How many different types of amino acids are in the body

A

20

89
Q

how many essential amino acids must be present in diet

A

10

90
Q

Non essential amino acids are synthesize by

A

body cells->formed by transamination

91
Q

what is transamination

A

transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to pyretic acid or to an acid in krebs cycle

92
Q

when can protein synthesis occur rapidly

A

when the appropriate essential and non essential amino acids are present

93
Q

Regulation of metabolic reactions depends on:

A

1) Chemical environment (e.g. ATP and Oxygen levels)

2) Body Signals (nervous and endocrine)

94
Q

Some aspects of metabolism depend on

A

time passage after a meal

95
Q

what are the two states of metabolism

A

absorptive state and post absorptive state

96
Q

what occurs during absorptive state

A
  • Approx 0-4 hours after a meal
  • Ingested nutrients are entering the blood stream
  • Glucose readily available for ATP production
97
Q

what occurs during post absorptive state

A
  • Approx 4 hours onwards after a meal
  • Absorption from GI tract is complete
  • Energy needs have been met by fuels already in body
  • Critical for continued glucose supply for ATP production
98
Q

After meal what do nutrients do

A

enter blood

99
Q

ingested food reaches blood stream as what

A

glucose, amino acids, triglycerides

100
Q

What are 2 metabolic hallmarks of absorptive state

A

oxidation of glucose for ATP prod.

-storage of excess fuel molecules for future between meal use

101
Q

how much glucose is used to produce ATP

A

about 50%

102
Q

When glucose enters hepatocytes what happens

A

converted into glycogen

small amount used for synthesis of fatty acids

103
Q

Where do most fatty acids go

A

packaged into VLDLs which carry lipid to adipose for storage

104
Q

How much glucose that is picked up by liver is converted to triglycerides for storage

A

40%

105
Q

dietary lipids become

A

adipose storage

106
Q

what are blood glucose levels maintained

A

glucose production and conservation

107
Q

Major reactions of post absorptive state are

A

1) Breakdown of liver glycogen
2) Lipolysis
3) Gluconeogenesis (lactic acid)
4) Gluconeogenesis (amino acids)

major adjustment made to produce ATP without glucose

5) Oxidation of Fatty Acids
6) Oxidation of Lactic Acid
7) Oxidation of Amino Acids
8) Oxidation of Ketone Bodies
9) Breakdown of Muscle glycogen

108
Q

Body produces more or less heat based on what

A

rate of metabolic reactions

109
Q

homeostsis of body temp can only be maintained if what

A

rate of heat loss equals rate of heat produced by metabolism

110
Q

Energy from heat(temp) is expressed in what units

A

calories

111
Q

1 calorie = what??

A

the heat required to raise the temp of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C

112
Q

100 calories = what?

A

1 kilocalorie or 1 calories

113
Q

What factors effect metabolic rate

A
  • To measure metabolic rate, must be measured under standard conditions.
  • Quiet, resting, fasting condition = basal state
  • Thus, metabolic rate recorded = basal metabolic rate
  • Calculated from oxygen used per kilocalorie of food metabolized
114
Q

approx how many cal/day for body weigh in males and females

A

1200-1800 or 24(22) cal/kg

115
Q

What are the 4 ways heat is transferred from body to surroundings

A

conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation

116
Q

what is conduction

A

Occurs between materials that are in direct contact
(approx 3% heat lost via conduction –clothes, chairs, etc)
(Heat can be gained by conduction – having a hot bath

117
Q

what is convection

A

Transfer of heat by movement of a fluid (gas or liquid)

approx 15% heat lost via conduction – skin warming air

118
Q

what is radiation

A

Transfer of heat as infrared rays from hot to cold objects
(approx 60% heat lost via radiation)

-if surrounding areas warmer than you, you absorb more heat then you lose

119
Q

what is evaporation

A

Conversion of a liquid to a vapor

approx 22% heat lost via evaporation – exhaled air / sweating

120
Q

Hypothalami thermastat is where

A

Preoptic area of anterior hypothalamus

- group of neurons - body thermostat

121
Q

how does the hypothalamic thermostat determine your temp

A

-Info from skin, mucus membranes and hypothalamus
-High Body Temp -> Increased AP output (i)
-Low Body Temp -> Decreases AP output (ii)
AP output -> Hypothalamic Heat losing center (i) and Heat-promoting center (ii)

122
Q

what is thermoregulation

A

1.thermoreceptors in the skin and hypothalamus send nerve impulses to preoptic area and heat-promotin center in hypothalamis and hypothalamic neurosecretory cells that produce TRH
2. hypothalamus discharges nerve impulses and secret TRH stimulating thryrotrophs in Anterior pituitary gland to release thyroid stimulating hormone TSH
3. several effectors are activated
each respond in ways to increase core temp
-vasoconstriction
-adrenal medulla release hormones to increase metabolism
-shivering
-thyroid release thyroid hormone increasing metabolic rate
4. increase in body temp
5. return to homeostasis

123
Q

if students ate 2 hours ago what is happening in metabolism

A

primary hormone regulating students metabolism at this point is insulin

Anatomy 2 Test 3 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions