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SCAF midterm > LECTURE 4 - Cortical Functions > Flashcards

LECTURE 4 - Cortical Functions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of cortical regions?

A

primary sensory, primary motor, association cortex

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2
Q

What do association areas do?

A

combine info across sensory systems, play a role in conducting higher-order functions

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3
Q

The cortex is functionally organized as a ___ ___network.

A

distributed hierarchical

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4
Q

What happens in Layer IV?

A

input of sensory info

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5
Q

Which Layers are afferent?

A

I through III, and IV

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6
Q

Which Layers are efferent?

A

V and VI

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7
Q

Layer IV has direct inputs to the ___.

A

thalamus

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8
Q

Layers V and VI has outputs to the __.

A

primary motor cortex

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9
Q

Are Layers I through IV biggest in the primary sensory, the association, or he primary motor cortex?

A

primary sensory cortex

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10
Q

Are Layers V and VI biggest in the primary sensory, the association, or he primary motor cortex?

A

primary motor cortex

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11
Q

70-85% of all cortical neurons are ___ cells, which are efferent projection neurons that send info from one region or cortex to another

A

pyramidal

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12
Q

Pyramidal cells are found in which Layers?

A

II, III, V, VI

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13
Q

Do larger cells send axon further?

A

yes (b/c of myelination)

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14
Q

What are smaller, star-shaped spiny cells that mostly stay put?

A

stellate

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15
Q

Layer I contains mainly __ neurons and __ neurons.

A

spiny, stellate

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16
Q

Layer III is important because it has interspheric ___ afferents, and efferents.

A

corticocortical

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17
Q

Layer IV deals with ___ afferents.

A

thalamocortical

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18
Q

Layers V and VI are mostly in charge of the ___ efferents.

A

subcortical

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19
Q

What do spiny neurons have that non-spiny neurons don’t?

A

dendrites

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20
Q

Are stellate cells excitatory or inhibitory? What is an example of such a neurotransmitter?

A

excitatory, glutamate, aspartate, norepinephrine, epinephrine

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21
Q

Do interneurons have dendritic spines?

A

no

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22
Q

Are interneurons excitatory or inhibitory? What is an example of such a neurotransmitter?

A

inhibitory, GABA, glycine, dopamine

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23
Q

Do interneurons all look the same?

A

no

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24
Q

Which hemisphere specializes in producing/understanding language?

A

left

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25
Q

Which hemisphere specializes in perceiving nonverbal info (music, facial expression)

A

right

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26
Q

The hemispheres control movement on the __-lateral side of the body.

A

contralateral

27
Q

Which hemisphere is associated with analytical/sequential processing?

A

left

28
Q

Which hemisphere is associated with holistic/parallel processing?

A

right

29
Q

Which hemisphere has no speech but good auditory comprehension of language and some reading ability?

A

right

30
Q

Which hemisphere can recognize words (semantic processing) but cannot understand rules and sentence structure (syntactical processing)?

A

right

31
Q

What is the purpose of the WADA test?

A

To determine which side has speech, memory, and motor functions (mostly in epilepsy surgical candidates)

32
Q

What structure joins Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas?

A

arcuite fasilicus

33
Q

In the WADA test, ___ ___ is injected into the left ___ ___ to numb the ipsalateral hemisphere. Then same on the right.

A

sodium amobarbital, carotid artery

34
Q

Together, Heschl’s gyrus, anterior and posterior temporal planes (STP) are sometimes called what?

A

planum temporale

35
Q

The __ __ is deeper in the left hemisphere..

A

Sylvian fissure

36
Q

The left hemisphere has one small __ __, while the right has two big ones.

A

Heschl’s gyrus

37
Q

The planum temporale consists of what three structures?

A

Heschl’s gyrus, anterior and posterior temporal planes (aSTP, pSTP)

38
Q

The __ __ is bigger in the left hemisphere.

A

planum temporale

39
Q

The right hemisphere is ___ than the left.

A

heavier

40
Q

One difference between left and right temporal lobes is that the ___ side is larger and heavier.

A

right

41
Q

One difference between left and right temporal lobes is that left is for __ and right is for __ functions.

A

language, music

42
Q

One difference between left and right temporal lobes is that the slope of ___ ___ is steeper on the right.

A

Lateral fissure

43
Q

One difference between the left and right temporal lobes is the organization of the __ ___.

A

Frontal Operculum

44
Q

One difference between the left and right temporal lobes is the distribution of __, depending on the structure.

A

neurotransmitters

45
Q

The ___ hemisphere extends farther anteriorly.

A

right

46
Q

Temporal lobes symmetries are highly affected by __ and __.

A

sex, handedness

47
Q

When two functions are selectively and independently affected, this is called what?

A

double dissociation

48
Q

After a left temporal lobectomy, __ scores would be lower.

A

verbal

49
Q

After a right temporal lobectomy, __ score would be lower.

A

performance

50
Q

In “split brain” patients, the __ __ is severed, so each hemisphere functions independently (no cross-talk btwn hemispheres).

A

corpus callosum

51
Q

When CC is severed, visual info in __ __ is processed in __ __, and vice versa.

A

left hemifield, right hemisphere

52
Q

What happens if a “blind sight” patient is asked to verbally identify an object presented to their right visual field? What about left?

A

they report object on right, object on left is not reported but can be recognized

53
Q

Chimeric stimuli in “split brain” studies show the importance of the __ hemisphere for __ __.

A

right, facial recognition

54
Q

In dichotic presentation, when asked to verbally report sounds heard, inputs in the __ ear have preferred access while inputs in the other ear are suppressed, b/c left hemisphere specializes in speaking.

A

right, left

55
Q

There is a left hand advantage for identifying ___, and a right hand advantage for identifying __.

A

shapes, letters

56
Q

Broca’s area is located in the __ hemisphere, while Wernicke’s area is in the __.

A

left, right

57
Q

__ to __% of the population are lefties.

A

10 to 30

58
Q

___ is possibly influenced by handedness, gender, environment, genes.

A

brain asymmetry

59
Q

What four factors could account for hand preference?

A

environment, anatomy, hormones, genes

60
Q

What tasks favor women?

A

calculation, verbal memory, object memory, fine motor skills, perception

61
Q

What tasks favor men?

A

math reasoning, form perception, mental rotation, target direction, visual imagery

62
Q

Castrating male rats/monkey resulted in ___, while increasing testosterone in female animals led to ___.

A

less aggression, more aggression

63
Q

What are anatomical sex differences favoring female brains?

A

larger language, larger medial paralimbic, larger lateral frontal, greater relative gray matter, more densely packed neurons in temporal lobe

64
Q

What are anatomical sex differences favoring male brains?

A

more neurons, and larger: medial frontal; cingulate; amygdala and hypothalamus; overall white matter; ventricles; right planum parietale

SCAF midterm (22 decks)

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